How do fire-suppression chemicals and pesticides affect wildfire smoke and the health of those who breathe it? UC Davis graduate students discovered that this question cannot be answered based on current scientific evidence and, in a review published in Current Topics in Toxicology, they recommend studies on the compounds in wildfire smoke.
Closing this knowledge gap is particularly important in California, where lines are shrinking between high-population cities and neighborhoods and the farmlands and forests where pesticides and fire-suppression chemicals are used, according to the review authors. California also is where pesticide use and the length and frequency of wildfires -- together with the amount of retardants used to stop them -- are increasing.
"When forests and farmlands catch fire, the chemicals applied to them burn, too, and potentially travel much longer distances than where they were first used," said review author Sarah Carratt, a pharmacology and toxicology graduate student at UC Davis.
"As areas at-risk for wildfires and where pesticides are applied overlap with areas where people live and breathe, it becomes increasingly important to characterize the content of wildfire smoke," Carratt added.
From class discussion to published research:
The review began as a discussion in a summer class where graduate students evaluate the state-of-the-science in environmental health topics. When Carratt participated, the focus was the respiratory effects of wildfire smoke.
"It was a timely topic, since Davis at the time was downwind of several fires, including a very large burn near Lake Berryessa," Carratt said.
She and the class found there are not many studies on the short- and long-term health effects of wildfire smoke. Most wildfire studies also do not account for the complexity of smoke composition, focusing instead on just a handful of chemicals or particles.
The course instructors included Jerold Last, professor of pulmonary, critical care and sleep medicine at UC Davis Health and researcher on the environmental causes of disease. His studies in animal models have shown that wildfire smoke reduces lung macrophages, the cells responsible for protecting the lungs from infectious or toxic particles.
"We know wildfire smoke is made up of small particles, gases and vapor and that it is more toxic than other smoke, but we don't know what makes it so toxic," said Last, senior author of the review. "It's possible that what distinguishes it are the chemicals humans add to the environment, but researchers haven't paid enough attention to this yet."
Wildfires, fire retardants and pesticides on the rise:
The class also uncovered several important trends:
- Wildfires have increased nationwide and most of them occur in California, which had 82 percent of the total number of U.S. wildfires in 2016
- The frequency of wildfires has increased globally over the past few decades, with the greatest increase (18 percent) in Northern California
- The amount of aerial fire retardant used in California from 2012 to 2015 increased from about 3 million gallons to about 7 million gallons, and there is no data on the use of firefighting foams
- The total weight of pesticides used on California land in that same timeframe increased from about 186 million pounds to 194 million pounds
- There are regions throughout California at higher risk for wildfires and where pesticides are applied (see map graphic at http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/newsroom/12287)
While chemical agents are necessary in agriculture and to suppress fires, their use may need additional oversight and restrictions, according to the review authors.
"Ultimately, the benefits of applying these chemicals must be weighed against their drawbacks in order to protect the public from the immediate threat of fire while minimizing exposure to compounds with unknown human health effects," they wrote.
The review, titled "Pesticides, wildfire suppression chemicals, and California wildfires: A human health perspective," is available online at http://www.researchtrends.net/tia/title_issue.asp?id=50&in=0&vn=13&type=3
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Additional authors were pharmacology and toxicology graduate students Cameron Flayer and Michelle Kossack.
The student authors were funded through a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) program focused on training the next generation of environmental health scientists (grant T32-ES007058-33). Their work also was supported by NIEHS funding to the UC Davis Environmental Health Sciences Center (grant P30-ES023513).
In addition to Last, course instructors were Kent Pinkerton, professor of pediatrics at UC Davis Health and director of the UC Davis Center for Health and the Environment, and Helene Margolis, associate professor of general internal medicine at UC Davis Health.
More resources:
- NIEHS training program at UC Davis: http://niehs.etox.ucdavis.edu/
- UC Davis Center for Health and the Environment: https://che.ucdavis.edu/
- UC Davis Environmental Health Sciences Center: https://ehscc.ucdavis.edu/
- UC Davis Health: http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/
Journal
Current Topics in Toxicology