SAN DIEGO: Nearly 9 percent of bariatric surgical patients--or about one in 12--who did not take opioid pain medications until their weight-loss operation, or the month before it, report that they are still using prescription opioids one year postoperatively, according to new research findings. Results of a Michigan study, presented at the American College of Surgeons Clinical Congress 2017, also indicate that this rate of new prolonged use of opioid pain relievers was more than 45 percent higher than use in general surgical patients.
This study provides further evidence that certain patient groups are more prone to persistent opioid use than others, said senior investigator Amir A. Ghaferi, MD, MS, FACS, FASMBS, associate professor of surgery at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
"Surgeons must identify patients who may be at higher risk for addiction to opioids, so they can adjust prescribing for postoperative pain," said Dr. Ghaferi, who also directs the Ann Arbor-based Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative (MBSC), a quality improvement program that supplied the study data. "Patients undergoing bariatric surgery may be particularly vulnerable to opioid dependence, possibly because of chronic knee and back pain associated with morbid obesity."
An estimated 196,000 patients underwent bariatric operations in the United States in 2015.1 Understanding the prevalence of persistent opioid use after bariatric operations is important, Dr. Ghaferi noted, as the nation struggles with an epidemic of opioid abuse. About 2 million Americans had a substance use disorder involving prescription pain medications, according to the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.2
For this study, Dr. Ghaferi and his fellow investigators used the MBSC database, which includes 95 percent of bariatric operations performed in Michigan. They identified 14,063 patients undergoing first-time bariatric surgical procedures (primarily minimally invasive, laparoscopic procedures) who completed surveys about their use of prescription painkillers preoperatively and again one year after the operation. The researchers initially administered the survey by email and then, if there was no response after several reminders, by mail or phone. The survey listed commonly prescribed opioid medications, such as hydrocodone and oxycodone.
Patients undergoing weight-loss operations routinely receive an opioid prescription for postoperative pain, and most patients discontinue using opioid medications earlier than two weeks after their operation, Dr. Ghaferi said. Their study, however, found a small minority who continued taking the potentially addictive medications much longer.
Most survey respondents--73 percent, according to updated numbers from the presentation--stated they had not taken opioid medications in the one to 12 months before their surgical treatment, meaning they were "opioid naive," the researchers found. Of these opioid-naive patients, 8.8 percent (905 patients) reportedly said they were still using their opioids one year after starting them for postoperative pain.
This rate of new persistent opioid use was 46 percent higher than the 6 percent rate reported among opioid-naive patients in general surgical populations, Dr. Ghaferi said. The general surgical data, he explained, came from the Michigan Opioid Prescribing Engaging Network, or Michigan-OPEN, an initiative that aims to prevent surgery-related opioid abuse.
When the researchers analyzed survey data for all bariatric surgical patients, including those who reported using opioids before their operation, they found that nearly one in four patients were still taking opioid medication a year postoperatively.
"Given the known elevated risk of cross-addiction to alcohol and illicit drugs in bariatric surgical patients,"3 Dr. Ghaferi said, "providers should pay special attention to opioid use during the postsurgical period."
He said patients should understand that that they do not need to finish their opioid prescription once they feel better. While taking opioids, patients also should use nonopioid pain medicine, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen (if not already in their opioid pills), which can reduce their opioid requirements.4
Based on these findings, Dr. Ghaferi said he and his University of Michigan colleagues have made changes to reduce opioid overprescribing and patients' need for opioids after bariatric surgical procedures. Strategies he and other experts4 recommend to providers include:
- Preoperatively screen patients for substance abuse risk factors, such as excessive alcohol use or a family history of substance use disorder5
- Prescribe fewer opioid pills in the first prescription
- Perform local nerve blocks in the operating room to minimize the need for postoperative opioid medications
He added that further study is necessary to identify effective screening tools for opioid abuse and to determine the appropriate number of opioid pills to prescribe after bariatric surgical procedures.
"We don't want our surgical patients to become addicted to opioids, but of course we don't want them to be recovering at home in pain either," Dr. Ghaferi said.
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Dr. Ghaferi's study coauthors were: Sanjay Mohanty, MD, from Henry Ford Health System, Detroit; Jay S. Lee, MD, from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Amanda Stricklen, RN, MS, and Rachel Ross, RN, MS, both from the Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative (MBSC), Ann Arbor; and Arthur M. Carlin, MD, FACS, from the MBSC and Henry Ford Health System.
"FACS" designates that a surgeon is a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons.
The Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative is funded by Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, Detroit.
1 Source: American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Estimate of bariatric surgery numbers, 2011-2015. July 2016. https://asmbs.org/resources/estimate-of-bariatric-surgery-numbers. Accessed September 6, 2017.
2 Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. 2016. Publication No. SMA 16-4984. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2015/NSDUH-FFR1-2015/NSDUH-FFR1-2015.pdf. Accessed August 29, 2017.
3 Source: King WC, Chen JY, Courcoulas AP, et al. Alcohol and other substance use after bariatric surgery: prospective evidence from a U.S. multicenter cohort study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(8):1392-1402. <
sup>4 Source: Chou R, Gordon DB, de Leon-Casasola OA, et al. Management of Postoperative Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists' Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Committee, and Administrative Council. J Pain. 2016;17(2):131-157.
5 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prescription opioids. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/opioids/prescribed.html. Updated March 16, 2016. Accessed August 29, 2017.
About the American College of Surgeons
The American College of Surgeons is a scientific and educational organization of surgeons that was founded in 1913 to raise the standards of surgical practice and improve the quality of care for all surgical patients. The College is dedicated to the ethical and competent practice of surgery. Its achievements have significantly influenced the course of scientific surgery in America and have established it as an important advocate for all surgical patients. The College has more than 80,000 members and is the largest organization of surgeons in the world. For more information, visit http://www.facs.org (.)