image: The proportion of schoolchildren who had used an e-cigarette and reported starting to smoke within a year, compared with children who had not tried an e-cigarette and reported starting to smoke over the same time period. view more
Credit: University of Leeds
Vaping - or the use of e-cigarettes - is widely accepted as a safer option for people who are already smoking.
The research published in the Tobacco Control journal raises questions about the role e-cigarettes may play in the progression adolescents make to smoke their first cigarette.
It identified a 'robust association' between e-cigarette use and the increased probability of smoking a cigarette within year.
The research - involving a collaboration of academics led by the University of Leeds - surveyed 2,836 adolescents from 20 schools in England. Some had tried tobacco but the vast majority were non-smokers. A third had used an e-cigarette.
They were re-surveyed a year later - and asked if they had tried a conventional cigarette, and how often.
Among the adolescents who had never smoked but had tried an e-cigarette, 118 out of 343 reported smoking at least one cigarette (34 per cent) over the year. Among the group who had not smoked and never used an e-cigarette, the figure was 124 out of 1383 (just under nine percent).
Professor Mark Conner, an applied social psychologist at the University of Leeds and lead investigator, said: "The findings suggest that among the teenagers who had never smoked, the use of e-cigarettes was a strong predicator that within 12 months they would have tried a conventional cigarette.
"It is impossible to say if these young people were just experimenting with cigarettes or were becoming more regular smokers."
The scientific paper raises the question that the adolescents who tried e-cigarettes would have tried smoking anyway, whether e-cigarettes were available or not?
If that was true, the researchers say they would have expected the adolescents at the lowest risk of starting to smoke - those with no friends who smoked - to have shown a weak association between e-cigarette and tobacco use.
But the data suggested the opposite.
The survey data revealed that e-cigarette use was a greater risk factor for starting smoking in those with no smoking friends (five and a half times more likely to start smoking) than for those who had a friendship network where most smoked (one and a half times more likely to start smoking).
Professor Sarah Grogan, from Manchester Metropolitan University and a co-author on the study, said: "Adolescents who have used e-cigarettes and who initially have no friends who smoke may be at particular risk of starting to smoke cigarettes.
"This is particularly interesting as it runs contrary to the suggestion that adolescents who try e-cigarettes would have been likely to try smoking anyway due to factors such as peer pressure from friends who smoke.
"Further work is now needed to understand fully the mechanisms behind this effect."
The researchers also looked at the teenagers who had already smoked at least one cigarette at the start of the study. They wanted to see if there was an association between e-cigarette use and an increase in tobacco use. Among those who had tried an e-cigarette, 60 out of 248 (24 per cent) increased their cigarette smoking, whilst among those who had not tried an e-cigarette, 9 out of 70 (13 per cent) increased their smoking.
The researchers say it is also plausible that the use of e-cigarettes 'normalises' smoking or leads to nicotine addiction - although, as of yet, there is no evidence of that.
It could also be that the use of e-cigarettes creates friendship networks with smokers.
Kamran Siddiqi, Professor in Public Health at the University of York and another co-author, said: "Our study highlights the value of regulating marketing and sale of e-cigarettes to adolescents. The UK has introduced strong regulatory measures in this regard. It is important to enforce these measures effectively and remain vigilant by closely monitoring e-cigarette use in minors."
The survey data was collected as part of an observational study. The limitation of such a study is that it cannot determine cause and effect - instead it highlights possible links between the various factors at play.
However, the paper's findings are mirrored by similar results from the US where scientists have found that e-cigarette use is associated with cigarette use.
From October 2015, it has been illegal in the UK for retailers to sell e-cigarettes or vaporising liquids to anyone under the age of 18.
The study also noted that a new generation of e-cigarette devices have come onto the market since the study was started. The new devices more closely mimic the way cigarettes work and the authors say there is a need for further research to see if they have an impact on young people taking up smoking.
Official statistics show that e-cigarette usage is going up and cigarette usage is declining among young people - a fact Professor Conner says appears to have some contradiction to the findings of the research project.
He said: "With e-cigarette use being such a recent phenomenon further long term studies are required to determine if e-cigarette use really causes an increase in smoking in adolescents."
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Note to Editors
For further information on this story, please contact David Lewis in the University of Leeds press office: d.lewis@leeds.ac.uk or 0113 343 8059
The research paper is available under embargo for journalist to examine. It is available by clicking here.
A graphic displaying the main statistical conclusion is available by clicking here
University of Leeds
The University of Leeds is one of the largest higher education institutions in the UK, with more than 33,000 students from 147 different countries, and a member of the Russell Group of research-intensive universities.
We are a top 10 university for research and impact power in the UK, according to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework and we are The Times and The Sunday Times University of the Year 2017. Additionally, the University has been awarded a gold rating by the Government's Teaching Excellence Framework recognising it is consistently outstanding' teaching and learning provision. http://www.leeds.ac.uk
Manchester Metropolitan University
Manchester Metropolitan University is one of the most extensive higher education centres in Europe with 38,000 students and more than 1,000 undergraduate, postgraduate and professional courses. The University educates and trains large numbers of legal and business professionals, scientists, engineers, teachers, health workers and creative professionals. The University is in the top three nationally for environmental sustainability and has an 85% research impact rated world-leading and internationally excellent.
Journal
Tobacco Control