A research team led by investigators from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and collaborators has shown, for the first time, that it may be possible to nonsurgically treat or even prevent the damage to a major heart valve that often occurs after a heart attack. In their report published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, the investigators -- including co-senior authors at Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital - describe how treatment with the antihypertension drug losartan reduced mitral valve damage in an animal model of heart attack. This sort of damage typically occurs in 25 percent of heart attack patients and can lead to heart failure and an increased risk of death.
"Our study supports a new concept transforming how we think about heart valves," says Robert Levine, MD, of the Heart Valve Program and the Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory in the Corrigan Minehan Heart Center at MGH, co-senior author of the report. "They are not just passive tissue flaps, as previously thought, but are biological battlegrounds where medicines can be used to help patients. Patients with heart valve disease are currently treated with interventions -- surgery or implanted devices -- late in their illness when the heart is failing. We aim to prevent disease progression at an early stage and keep our patients' hearts healthy."
When blockage to a coronary artery causes the death of heart muscle, the body responds by sending immune cells and other inflammatory factors to the site of the damage. Co-lead author Jacob Dal-Bianco, MD, also of the MGH Heart Valve Program, explains, "A heart attack is like a fire in the heart; inflammation triggered by damage to the heart muscle attracts cells to clear up the damage and form a healed scar. The mitral valve can be caught up as an innocent bystander in this process and become inflamed and scarred, eventually becoming shorter, stiffer and less able to close effectively."
Located between the left atrium, which receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, and the left ventricle, from which blood is pumped out to the body, a healthy mitral valve keeps blood flowing in the right direction. But if the valve tissues called leaflets don't close properly after the heart beats, blood can leak back towards the lungs -- a process called mitral valve regurgitation - reducing the efficiency of the heart and placing additional stress on the already-damaged organ. While it had been thought that post-heart-attack damage to the mitral valve was caused only by physical forces exerted by the scarring and stretching of damaged heart muscle, recent research by MGH team members found that the valve itself becomes thicker and stiffer, further reducing its ability to close.
Among the factors released by immune cells in an attempt to heal damaged heart muscle is transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. While it is an important regulator of processes involved in growth, development and the immune response, excess levels of TGF-beta can overactivate other cells, leading to further scarring and stiffening of the mitral valve. Surgical repair of a damaged mitral valve fails within two years in 60 percent of patients, leading to shortness of breath and eventual heart failure.
The hypertension drug losartan is known to inhibit the effects of TGF-beta, and the current study was designed to see whether it could reduce post-heart-attack mitral valve damage in an animal model. For two months, daily doses of the drug were given to sheep in which a heart attack had been surgically induced. A control group of animals that did not receive the drug had surgical mesh sutured to their left ventricular walls to restrict the stretching that typically follows a heart attack and keep the size of the ventricle the same as in the drug-treated animals. At the end of the study period, significantly less inflammation, thickening and scarring had developed in the mitral valves of the losartan-treated animals, compared with the control group. Another study by the same group is investigating whether losartan treatment actually can reduce mitral valve regurgitation.
Co-senior author Joyce Bischoff, PhD, of the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery at Boston Children's Hospital and a professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School (HMS), says, "Because our previous work had told us that losartan can prevent endothelial cells from responding to TGF-beta, we also examined how the endothelial cells lining the mitral valve changed after the heart attack when sheep were or were not treated with losartan. We found that losartan reduced the number of endothelial cells that were transitioning into potentially fibrotic cells, which we speculate is part of how losartan reduced mitral valve thickness."
Although losartan in an FDA-approved drug, the investigators stress that more research is necessary before its ability to treat mitral valve disease should be tested in human patients. "There are several candidate drugs that work in different ways, and we need to investigate which treatments are best," says Levine, who is a professor of Medicine at HMS. "We also need to test whether treatment during the inflammatory period right after a heart attack is sufficient and whether patients who already have developed mitral valve regurgitation and heart failure can benefit from treatment. A medical treatment to prevent or alleviate these changes could significantly improve patients' quality of life and, we believe, translate into improved survival with less heart failure."
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Elena Aikawa, MD, PhD , of the Vascular Biology Program at Brigham and Women's Hospital and an associate professor of Medicine at HMS, is also a co-senior author of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology paper; and Philipp Bartko, MD, PhD, MGH Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, is co-lead-author. Additional co-authors are Luis Guerrero, Margo Seybolt, Suzanne Sullivan, Michael Garcia, James Titus, MGH Cardiovascular Surgery; Mark Handschumacher, MGH Cardiology; Jonathan Beaudoin, MD, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec; Catherine Szymanski, MD, Emmanuel Messas, MD, PhD, Albert A. Hagège, MD, PhD, and Alain Carpentier, MD, PhD, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris; Dae-Hee Kim, MD, PhD, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea; Jill Wylie-Sears, Boston Children's Hospital; and Whitney Irvin, Brigham and Women's Hospital.The study was supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grants R01 HL109506, R01 HL128099 and K24 HL67434 as well as support from the Ellison Foundation and the Leducq Foundation.
Massachusetts General Hospital, founded in 1811, is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. The MGH Research Institute conducts the largest hospital-based research program in the nation, with an annual research budget of more than $800 million and major research centers in HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, genomic medicine, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, regenerative medicine, reproductive biology, systems biology, photomedicine and transplantation biology. The MGH topped the 2015 Nature Index list of health care organizations publishing in leading scientific journals and earned the prestigious 2015 Foster G. McGaw Prize for Excellence in Community Service. In August 2017 the MGH was once again named to the Honor Roll in the U.S. News & World Report list of "America's Best Hospitals."
Journal
Journal of the American College of Cardiology