As sub-Saharan African countries struggle to cope with the current burden of diabetes, new estimates suggest that costs associated with the disease could more than double and may reach up to US$59.3 billion per year by 2030 if type 2 diabetes cases continue to increase.
The new report proposes that diabetes and its complications have the potential to reverse some of the health gains seen in sub-Saharan Africa in recent years – overwhelming the region’s health systems and crippling patients’ personal finances as they pay for their own healthcare.
Currently, only half of the people with diabetes in populations in sub-Saharan Africa are aware that they have the disease, and only one in 10 (11%) receive drugs they need.
The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology Commission on diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa will be launched in London on Thursday 6 July. It provides a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of the burden of diabetes across sub-Saharan Africa, the challenges this burden poses for health systems, as well as potential solutions. More than 70 experts from around the world contributed to the report, which provides five key messages [1].
In recent years, rapid societal transitions that are producing increases in wealth, urbanisation, changing lifestyle and eating habits, more sedentary work practices and ageing populations across sub-Saharan African countries have led to increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
The report estimates that the economic cost of diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa in 2015 totalled $19.5 billion, equivalent to 1.2% gross domestic product (GDP). On average, countries in the region spend 5.5% of their GDP on health.
More than half of this economic cost (56%, $10.8 billion) was on accessing diabetes treatment, including medication and hospital stays – and ¬one half of these costs were out-of-pocket (paid for by the patients), putting a huge financial burden on people with diabetes. The remaining economic costs were a result of productivity losses, mostly from early death ($7.9 billion), as well as people leaving the workforce early ($0.5 billion), taking sick leave ($0.2 billion) and being less productive at work due to poor health ($0.07 billion).
“These estimates show the vast economic burden that diabetes places on sub-Saharan Africa, and should motivate policy makers to increase resources and efforts to overcome this looming health challenge,” says one of the three lead authors [2], Professor Rifat Atun, Harvard University, USA. “Our figures illustrate the economic cost of inaction. However, the wider cost of inaction is the risk of losing ground on some of the region’s biggest health achievements of the past few decades, as diabetes cases further increase and costs spiral. In its current state, sub-Saharan Africa is not at all prepared for the increasing burden of diabetes caused by rapid, ongoing societal transitions.” [3]
To measure the future impact of increased diabetes rates across all sub-Saharan African countries, the researchers modelled three scenarios to show optimistic and pessimistic projections. Their estimates suggest that, in an optimistic scenario, where diabetes death rates and prevalence remain the same for each country, the annual cost of diabetes would increase to $35.3 billion (1.1% GDP) in 2030. However, if these rates increased in line with the projected rise in each countries’ income levels, economic costs would be $47.3 billion (1.4% GDP), and if rates doubled, the costs could total $59.3 billion (1.8% GDP).
Wealthier areas of sub-Saharan Africa seeing more societal changes had the highest rates of diabetes in 2015, with almost two-thirds of the region’s diabetes costs coming from southern Africa (62%, $12.1 billion), in particular, wealthier South Africa. Less than a tenth of the costs (9%, $1.7 billion) originated from poorer countries in western Africa.
In the projections for 2030, southern Africa is likely to see the greatest increases in annual costs, increasing to between $17.2 and $29.2 billion. However, the authors also predicted substantial growth in costs in eastern African countries (such as Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania), increasing from $3.8 billion in 2015 to up to $16.2 billion in 2030.
The Commission’s analyses demonstrate a clear need for improvements at all levels of diabetes care. However, after decades of treating acute infectious diseases, health systems in sub-Saharan African countries are ill-prepared to handle the chronic disease.
The authors of the Commission report conclude that gaps in care include a lack of equipment for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes, lack of treatments, and lack of knowledge about the disease among available healthcare providers. These gaps contribute to the fact that half of patients go undiagnosed, while only one in 10 (11%) receive the drugs they need. Many patients face delayed diagnosis and treatment, meaning the disease progresses and causes further ill health and risk of complications, for example myocardial infarction, blindness, and stroke, which are difficult and expensive to treat.
In order to counter these issues effectively, the researchers recommend rapidly scaling up interventions successfully trialled in sub-Saharan African countries, such as community-based care for high blood pressure, patient education, home glucose monitoring, and more education about diabetes for healthcare professionals.
With the management of type 2 diabetes and its risk factors (such as obesity and physical inactivity) being simpler and cheaper than treating complications of later stage disease, the researchers note that prevention of disease onset and complications will be crucial to improve health and avoid further economic burden.
“Our estimates also illustrate the economic savings that could be achieved if type 2 diabetes rates were halted or reduced in sub-Saharan Africa. This could be done by improving prevention efforts and creating new interventions, and by improving early detection and management of the disease to help more people remain in good health so that they can continue to work,” says Professor Atun. [3]
Writing in a linked Comment, Dr Shabbar Jaffar, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK, says: “The prevalence of diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa has increased rapidly in the past 10 years or so, affecting people in all sectors of society but, in particular, and disproportionally compared with high-income settings, affecting younger people, with substantial economic effects. A repeating theme throughout the report is the scarcity of reliable evidence about diabetes in the region—for example, about the true magnitude of the burden of disease and its complications, and what interventions will or will not be effective in the sub-Saharan African context. Despite the scarcity of evidence, several simple and vital conclusions emerge from the report.”
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NOTES TO EDITORS
The Commission was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health Delivery. These organisations provided financial and practical help (funded the fares, accommodation, and food for the Commission meetings) and attended author meetings, but had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication.
The Commission was conducted by scientists from Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, King’s College London, University of Witwatersrand, University of Bristol, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Abbas Medical Centre, Harvard India Research Center, Heidelberg University, Africa Health Research Institute, Stanford University, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospitals, L’ONG Sante Diabete Mali, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, University of Global Health Equity, University of Goettingen, University of Liverpool, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New York University, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, University of Botswana and Princess Marina Hospital, Dartmouth College, Rwanda Diabetes Association, Leiden University, South African Medical Research Council, Joslin Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Kenya Ministry of Health, University of Cape Town, UCLA, Aga Khan University Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Government of Malawi, MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, International Diabetes Federation Life for aChild Program, Diabetes NSW & ACT, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Indiana Institute for Global Health, Ohio State University, Shree Hindu Mandal Hospital, Addis Ababa University, University of Vermont, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Hopital national du Mali, University of Newcastle at Yaounde Central Hospital, Ethiopian Diabetes Association, University of Sheffield, University College London, Marc Sankale Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School.
[1] The five key messages are that the true burden of diabetes, other cardiovascular risk factors, and macrovascular and microvascular complications in sub-Saharan Africa is unknown; diabetes and its consequences are costly to patients and economies; health systems in countries in sub-Saharan Africa are unable to cope with the current burden of diabetes and its complications; scarce health-care resources should be focused on the management of diabetes and other risk factors to prevent complications; and, more evidence is needed about the benefits and risks (to individuals and health systems) of screening before programmes are rolled out across sub-Saharan Africa.
[2] The three lead authors of the Commission are Professor Rifat Atun (Harvard University, USA), Professor Justine Davies (King’s College London, UK), and Professor Edwin Gale (University of Bristol, UK)
[3] Quote direct from author and cannot be found in the text of the Article.
Journal
The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology