Electronic (e)-cigarette use has risen rapidly among adolescents and young adults since the product was introduced to the U.S. in 2007 and now exceeds the rate of cigarette smoking in this segment of the population. E-cigarettes may harm public health and ultimately increase the burden of cancer if their use contributes to more cigarette smoking among youth. A new collaborative Dartmouth study led by Samir, Soneji, MA, PhD, and James Sargent, MD, demonstrates that this potential harm of e-cigarettes should be taken very seriously.
The study focused on an important and controversial question: Does e-cigarette use increase the risk of future cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults? The team conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies that began with nonsmoking youths and asked whether initial e-cigarettes use increased the risk they would subsequently transition to smoking cigarettes. To rule out the possibility that e-cigarette users were simply higher risk youths, the analyses adjusted for known risk factors for cigarette smoking (like having a friend that smokes). The results showed strong and consistent evidence of greater risk between initial e-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette smoking initiation, regardless of how initiation was defined and net other factors that predict cigarette smoking. Their findings, "E-Cigarette Use and Subsequent Cigarette Smoking Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" will be published in an upcoming issue of JAMA Pediatrics.
The studies did not address why e-cigarette use increases risk of transitioning to cigarettes. The reason could be that e-cigarettes mimic smoking behavior through similar involvement of hand-to-mouth movements, or puffing and exhalation. E-cigarette aerosol also contains nicotine, so use of these devices could enhance exposure and eventual addiction to this substance.
"The finding is very consistent across studies. That along with the strength of the association makes it probable that e-cigarette use is one cause of cigarette smoking," said James Sargent. "E-cigarette use could affect population trends in youth smoking if use becomes more common, and that is the big public health concern."
"In addition to the currently enacted age restrictions on in-store sales, regulatory actions to limit e-cigarette use could include restrictions on advertising campaigns that may be viewed by adolescents, flavor restrictions for e-cigarettes that exclude fruit and candy flavors, strict standards for reporting actual nicotine content in e-liquid, and requirements for strict age verification for online and retail sales of these products" suggests Soneji. Until more effective regulatory actions are taken, the team will continue to evaluate the excess risk posed by e-cigarette use for cigarette smoking with newer generations of e-cigarettes.
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Samir Soneji, MA, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and member of the Cancer Control Research Program at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Norris Cotton Cancer Center. James Sargent, MD, is a Professor of Pediatrics, Biomedical Data Science, Community and Family Medicine and Pediatric Oncology at Dartmouth's Geisel School of Medicine, co-Director of the Cancer Control Research Program at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Norris Cotton Cancer Center and Director of the C. Everett Koop Institute at Dartmouth.
This work was funded by the National Cancer Institute, the Food and Drug Administration, the Center for Tobacco Products and the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health.
About Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock
Norris Cotton Cancer Center combines advanced cancer research at Dartmouth's Geisel School of Medicine with patient-centered cancer care provided at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in Lebanon, NH, at Dartmouth-Hitchcock regional locations in Manchester, Nashua and Keene, NH, and St. Johnsbury, VT, and at partner hospitals throughout New Hampshire and Vermont. It is one of 45 centers nationwide to earn the National Cancer Institute's "Comprehensive Cancer Center" designation. Learn more about Norris Cotton Cancer Center research, programs, and clinical trials online at cancer.dartmouth.edu.
Journal
JAMA Pediatrics