Drivers respond to emergencies more slowly and severely in semi-automated cars, according to a new study in the Journal of Safety Research. The authors of the study, from Clemson University in the US, say we will need new ways of assessing whether drivers are safe behind the wheel to keep up with the technology.
One of the benefits of self-driving cars is that the driver can get on with other things while being driven, like reading or catching up on some work. But what happens when there is an emergency or one of the systems fails and the driver has to take over?
In their new study, researchers Dr. David Neyens and Dr. Sijun Shen wanted to find out if drivers who are concentrating on something else while the car is in control are slower to respond to emergencies. "As we know, when using technology, things are designed to work well but they don't always," said Dr. Neyens. "So when something stops functioning, how does the driver respond and safely become the driver of the vehicle?"
They asked 48 participants to drive a car in a simulator. Half were given a manual car to 'drive' and half were given a semi-automated car with adaptive cruise control and a lane keeping assistant, which keep the car moving in the right direction at the right speed. To mimic the way people are likely to drive in the future, the people driving the semi-automated cars watched a video while they were driving. There was then a simulated emergency: a strong gust of wind that pushed the cars out of lane.
The people driving the semi-automated cars were slower to respond to the emergency than the drivers in manual control of the car. They also responded more severely, moving the wheel a lot in one direction to compensate for the delay. The people driving manually had a quicker, calmer response to the emergency.
"Autonomous vehicles are a disruptive innovation - they will fundamentally change a lot about the transportation domain," said Dr. Neyens. "Ultimately, we want to improve people's safety. There's great opportunity in the semi-automated driving system because there are such huge safety implications: it's life or death, not just for the driver or passenger but for anyone in the environment."
Along with the change in technology will come a change in behavior: in the future, drivers are likely to engage in non-driving tasks like watching videos when the car is being controlled automatically. According to Dr. Neyens, it is important to find out where and how drivers are carrying out these tasks, then design systems, such as alarms, that improve their safety.
We will also need to think about how to educate and assess drivers - it will become increasingly irrelevant whether a driver can change gear and much more important whether they are capable of responding when there is a system failure. "For fully automated vehicles, should there be driver education at all?" asked Dr. Neyens, "I think so. But what that will look like in the future is still an important question."
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Notes for editors
The article is "Assessing drivers' response during automated driver support system failures with non-driving tasks," by Sijun Shen and David M. Neyens. It appears in the Journal of Safety Research, volume 61 (June, 2017), published by Elsevier.
Copies of this paper are available to credentialed journalists upon request; please contact Elsevier's Newsroom at newsroom@elsevier.com or +31 20 485 2492.
About the Journal of Safety Research
The Journal of Safety Research is a multidisciplinary publication that provides for the exchange of scientific evidence in all areas of safety and health, including traffic, workplace, home, and community. While this research forum invites submissions using rigorous methodologies in all related areas, it focuses on basic and applied research in unintentional injury and illness prevention. Affiliated with the National Safety Council, it seeks to engage the global scientific community including academic researchers, engineers, government agencies, policy makers, corporate decision makers, safety professionals and practitioners, psychologists, social scientists and public health professionals.
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Journal of Safety Research