The most common cause for the narrowing of the carotid artery is atherosclerosis, where so-called plaques build up on the vessel walls. If a plaque ruptures, blood clots can form that either further occlude the site that is already narrowed, or are carried away by the blood flow, which could lead to vascular occlusion at a different site.
If this happens in the carotid artery, it could lead to a stroke. How easily a plaque ruptures depends on how thick the tissue layer surrounding its core is. The thicker this so-called fibrous cap, the more stable and therefore more harmless the vessel deposit.
Stabilizing instead of reducing
"New imaging procedures enable us to detect dangerous plaques with increasing precision; but the therapies currently available for removing these unstable plaques and thus preventing a stroke entail a certain amount of risk that the plaques will rupture during the procedure", explains Lars Mägdefessel. "This is why these therapies are not used on individuals with a narrowed carotid artery who have so far not experienced any symptoms."
Traditionally, physicians try to reduce the size of the deposits in the vessels in order to widen the narrowed sites. "For narrowed carotid arteries, though, the notion of stabilising the plaques is becoming ever more prevalent. Unlike in the coronary vessels, in the carotid artery plaques rupturing is more dangerous than the narrowing", says Mägdefessel.
Tiny regulators
Mägdefessel and his team compared material from patients with stable and unstable deposits in the carotid artery. They particularly focused on microRNAs. These molecules are involved in the gene regulation in about 60 percent of mammals' genes. They can prevent gene information that has already been read from being translated into proteins, and have become a focus of biomedical research as active ingredients and starting points for new therapies in recent years.
The scientists discovered that microRNA-210 was reduced the most in the blood samples of patients with unstable plaques. These were blood samples that were obtained locally near the vessel deposits. Further examinations showed that microRNA-210 is primarily present in the fibrous caps of plaques and that it inhibits the expression of the APC gene. As a consequence, fewer smooth muscle cells die in the fibrous cap and it becomes more stable. Moreover, the animal model could show that fewer plaques rupture when microRNA-210 is administered.
Local application is crucial
The scientists are currently researching how microRNA-210 can be applied locally. The risk of adverse events in other organs is much too high if microRNA modulators are administered systemically. The main concern with microRNA-210 is that tumour cells that are possibly already in existence will multiply, because the expression of APC is inhibited. This is because APC is a tumor suppressor gene which inhibits the growth of cancers in the healthy body.
In order to avoid such so-called off-target effects, the researchers are currently testing coated stents or balloons that are inserted directly into the carotid artery in pigs. "For this step, we also rely on the collaboration with companies that, for example, develop soft balloons that cause little friction and thus make the procedure safer", says Mägdefessel. "Only thus will our results reach patients as effective therapies."
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Publication:
S.M. Eken, H. Jin, E. Chernogubova, Y. Li, N. Simon, C. Sun, G. Korzunowicz, A. Busch, A. Bäcklund, C. Österholm, A. Razuvaev, T. Renné, H.-H. Eckstein, J. Pelisek, P. Eriksson, M. Gonzalez Diez, L. P. Matic Perisic, I. N. Schellinger, U. Raaz, N. J. Leeper, G. K. Hansson, G. Paulsson-Berne, U. Hedin, L. Maegdefessel. "MicroRNA-210 Enhances Fibrous Cap Stability in Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesions". Circulation Research. 2017 Feb 17;120(4):633-644. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309318.
Contact:
Prof. Dr. Lars Maegdefessel
Klinik und Poliklinik für Vaskuläre und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie
Klinikum rechts der Isar
Technische Universität München
lars.maegdefessel@tum.de
Further Information:
The most important goal of the German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) is that new knowledge gained from cardiovascular research reaches patients as rapidly as possible. The diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in Germany shall thus be improved. In order to reach this goal, basic researchers and clinical researchers from 30 institutions at 7 sites are working together in the DZHK. Moreover, the DZHK enables young scientists to enrich translational research in the DZHK with their knowledge with a series of measures. DZHK junior scientist groups are an instrument for which researchers from all over the world can submit an application to head them. The groups are sponsored for a maximum of 5 years with up to 250,000 euros per year; therefore, with up to 1.25 million euros in total. The DZHK was founded in 2011 upon the initiative of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and is 90 percent funded by the Federal Government and 10 percent by the governments of those German federal states in which its member institutions are headquartered. It is among the six German Centres for Health Research (Deutsche Zentren der Gesundheitsforschung, DZG) that are dedicated to the investigation of widespread diseases. Website: http://www.dzhk.de
Journal
Circulation Research