WASHINGTON - The latest and final in a series of congressionally mandated biennial reviews of the evidence of health problems that may be linked to exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides used during the Vietnam War changed the categorization of health outcomes for bladder cancer, hypothyroidism, and spina bifida and clarified the breadth of the previous finding for Parkinson's disease. The committee that carried out the study and wrote this report, Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2014, reviewed scientific literature published between Oct. 1, 2012, and Sept. 30, 2014.
Bladder cancer and hypothyroidism were moved to the category of "limited or suggestive" evidence of an association from their previous positions in the default "inadequate or insufficient" category. A finding of limited or suggestive evidence of an association means that the epidemiologic evidence indicates there could be a link between exposure to a chemical and increased risk for a particular health effect. A finding of inadequate or insufficient evidence indicates that the available studies are of insufficient quality, consistency, or statistical power to permit a conclusion regarding the presence or absence of such a link. For both bladder cancer and hypothyroidism, new results from a large study of Korean veterans who served in the Vietnam War were compellingly suggestive of an association. In combination with pre-existing supportive epidemiologic findings and substantial biologic plausibility, the new information provided evidence to merit a change in category of association for these two outcomes.
The committee for the first Veterans and Agent Orange report in 1994 concluded that there was little and inconsistent evidence concerning an association between any birth defects and parental exposure -- either mother or father -- to herbicides. The committee for the next report, Update 1996, placed spina bifida in the "limited or suggestive" category of association based on preliminary findings from the then ongoing Air Force Health Study. However, to date, a complete analysis of the data from the Air Force Health Study for neural tube defects has not been published. No subsequent studies have found increases in spina bifida with exposure to components of the herbicides sprayed in Vietnam. Contrary to expectation, intensive investigation of possible heritable effects in animal models still has not demonstrated that herbicide exposure of adult males can produce birth defects in their offspring. Taking these factors into consideration, the committee for this final report concluded that the evidence did not merit retaining spina bifida in the limited or suggestive category of association and downgraded it to the category of "inadequate or insufficient" evidence. This is only the second time that a Veterans and Agent Orange committee has demoted a health outcome to a weaker category of association. The first instance was the move of porphyria cutanea tarda from the "sufficient" category to the "limited or suggestive" category by the committee for Update 1998.
In addition to reviewing the evidence of health problems that may be linked to exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides, the committee was asked to address the specific question of whether various conditions with Parkinson's-like symptoms should qualify the assignment of Parkinson's disease to the limited or suggestive category of association with herbicide exposure. The committee noted that Parkinson's disease is a diagnosis of exclusion, and therefore, the diagnostic standards for this condition should not be assumed to have been uniform in the epidemiologic studies that constitute the basis for this association or in the claims submitted by veterans. Consequently, there is no rational basis for exclusion of individuals with Parkinson's-like symptoms from the service-related category denoted as Parkinson's disease. To exclude a claim for a condition with Parkinson's-like symptoms, the onus should be on the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) on a case-by-case basis to definitively establish the role of a recognized factor other than the herbicides sprayed in Vietnam.
Given that this is the final report mandated by the Agent Orange Act, the committee developed recommendations for future actions to advance the well-being of Vietnam veterans, including that the VA should continue epidemiologic studies of the veterans; develop protocols that could investigate paternal transmission of adverse effects to offspring; and design a study to focus on specific manifestations in humans of dioxin exposure and compromised immunity, which have been clearly demonstrated in animal models. The committee also called for a careful review of evidence concerning whether paternal exposure to any toxicant has definitively resulted in abnormalities in the first generation of offspring. In addition, the committee formulated recommendations for improved assembly and evaluation of information necessary for monitoring possible service-related health effects in all military personnel, including creating and maintaining rosters of individuals deployed on every mission and linking U.S. Department of Defense and VA databases to systematically identify, record, and monitor trends in veterans' diseases.
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The study by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. The Academies are private, nonprofit institutions that provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions related to science, technology, and medicine. They operate under an 1863 congressional charter to the National Academy of Sciences, signed by President Lincoln. For more information, visit http://national-academies.org. A roster follows.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE
Institute of Medicine
Board on the Health of Select Populations
Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides
Tenth Biennial Update
Kenneth S. Ramos M.D., Ph.D.* (chair)
Associate Vice President for Precision Health Sciences
Professor of Medicine
Director, Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine
Director, MD-PhD Program
Arizona Health Sciences Center
Tucson
Ilir Agalliu, M.D., Sc.D.
Assistant Professor
Departments of Epidemiology and Population Health and Urology
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Yeshiva University
Bronx, N.Y.
Erin M. Bell, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
School of Public Health
State University of New York
Albany
Maarten Bosland, Ph.D., D.V.Sc.
Professor of Pathology
College of Medicine
University of Illinois
Chicago
Robert Canales, Ph.D., M.S.
Assistant Professor
Community, Environment, and Policy Division
University of Arizona
Tucson
Michael J. Carvan III, Ph.D., M.S.
Shaw Professor
School of Freshwater Sciences
School of Public Health
University of Wisconsin
Milwaukee
Melissa Gonzales, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Division of Epidemiology
School of Medicine
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque
Karl T. Kelsey, M.D., M.O.H.
Professor of Epidemiology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Director, Center for Environmental Health and Technology
Brown University
Providence, R.I.
Kevin E. Kip, Ph.D., FAHA
Professor and Executive Director
College of Nursing
University of South Florida
Tampa
Stephen B. Kritchevsky, Ph.D.
Director, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging
Professor of Internal Medicine and Translational Science
Wake Forest University School of Medicine
Winston-Salem, N.C.
Elan D. Louis, M.D., M.Sc.
Chief and Professor
Division of Movement Disorders
School of Medicine
Yale University
New Haven, Conn.
David Richardson, Ph.D., M.S.P.H.
Associate Professor
Gillings School of Global Public Health
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill
Mitchell Turker, Ph.D., J.D.
Senior Scientist
Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; and
Professor of Molecular and Medical Genetics
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland
Lori A. White, Ph.D., M.S.
Associate Professor
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology
School of Environmental and Biological Sciences
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, N.J.
STAFF
Mary Burr Paxton, Ph.D.
Jennifer A. Cohen, M.P.H.
Co-study Directors
*Member, National Academy of Medicine