Montréal, January 13, 2016 - A study conducted by a research team led by Michel Cayouette, Full IRCM Research Professor and Director of the Cellular Neurobiology research unit, in collaboration with a team led by Stéphane Angers, Associate Professor at the University of Toronto, makes the cover of the latest edition of Developmental Cell following the discovery of a mechanism enabling the production of cellular diversity in the developing nervous system.
In order to multiply and generate new tissues, stem cells divide into two daughter cells, which are not necessarily identical: the daughter cells can differentiate to produce various cell types that are essential to proper tissue function. This is called cell diversification. However, the factors that drive daughter cells to be identical or different remain poorly understood by scientists.
To investigate this phenomenon, the IRCM team hypothesized that the orientation of stem cell division influences cell diversification. "To illustrate this idea, let's suppose that we have on a table a red apple with the top part green and the bottom part red," explains Carine Monat, PhD student in Michel Cayouette's laboratory and co-first author of the study. "If the apple is cut perpendicularly to the table, we will have two identical pieces with red and green parts; but if we cut it parallel, the pieces will be different from each other, one red and one green."
The researchers demonstrated that a gene named SAPCD2 influences cell division orientation. Moreover, they confirmed that the orientation of division controls daughter cell fates in vivo. To do this, they studied mouse retinal stem cells that were genetically engineered to express or not the SAPCD2 gene. "In the absence of SAPCD2, a good proportion of the divisions changed orientation and the daughter cells produced were different," explains Carine Monat. "However, in the presence of the gene, the daughter cells produced were identical." Therefore, the gene controls stem cell division orientation, which in turn affects cell diversification.
This discovery could improve the protocols to "program" stem cells to generate a particular cell type of interest, like specific retinal cells that degenerate in diseases causing blindness. These would then be implanted in a patient to regenerate damaged tissues. Furthermore, this study will help design more targeted approaches to slow down tumour progression. Indeed, disruptions in cell division orientation were observed in some cancers, and the SAPCD2 gene has been previously linked to the development of tumours.
###
About the study
The study was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, as well as the W. Garfield Weston and Brain Canada Foundations. The project was conducted at IRCM by Carine Monat and Marine Lacomme, under the supervision of Dr. Cayouette, in collaboration with the team of Dr. Angers, Associate Professor of the University of Toronto.
Click here to access the preview article written by Song Li and Hongyan Wang: http://www.cell.com/developmental-cell/abstract/S1534-5807(15)00835-7.
Click here to access an interview with the article's co-first authors: http://www.cell.com/developmental-cell/abstract/S1534-5807(15)00835-7.
Click here to access the article in Developmental Cell: http://www.cell.com/developmental-cell/abstract/S1534-5807(15)00801-1.
About Michel Cayouette
Michel Cayouette received a PhD in neurobiology from the Université Laval. He is Full IRCM Research Professor and Director of the Cellular Neurobiology research unit. Michel Cayouette is also Associate Research Professor in the Department of Medicine at the Université de Montréal, and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Medicine (Division of Experimental Medicine) and the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at McGill University. He is a Senior Research Scholar of the Fonds de recherche du Québec - Santé/Fondation Antoine Turmel. For more information, visit http://www.ircm.qc.ca/cayouette.
About the IRCM
The IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) is a renowned biomedical research institute located in the heart of Montréal's university district. Founded in 1967, it is currently comprised of 35 research units and four specialized research clinics (cholesterol, cystic fibrosis, diabetes and obesity, hypertension). The IRCM employs nearly 425 people. It is affiliated with the Université de Montréal, and the IRCM Clinic is associated to the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM). It also maintains a long-standing association with McGill University. The IRCM is funded by the Quebec ministry of Economy, Innovation and Exports (Ministère de l'Économie, de l'Innovation et des Exportations). For more information, visit http://www.ircm.qc.ca.
Journal
Developmental Cell