image: This is York University physicist Professor Sampa Bhadra. view more
Credit: York University
York University physics Professor Sampa Bhadra, and her group, are on the Tokai to Kamiokande (T2K) team that received the 2016 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics on Sunday. The prize is "for the fundamental discovery of neutrino oscillations, revealing a new frontier beyond, and possibly far beyond, the standard model of particle physics".
The $ 3 million prize for T2K is jointly shared with the KEK to Kamioka (K2K) collaboration, along with four other international experimental collaborations -Superkamiokande (Super-K), Kamland, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), and Daya Bay.
"We had the opportunity to join an experiment that had the potential to measure this last unmeasured quantity related to neutrino oscillations," said Bhadra. "We wanted to be a part of this, but also wanted to contribute in a meaningful way so that our students and post-docs were visible for the right reasons in such large collaborations."
York and TRIUMF, Canada's national particle physics lab, and the University Toronto proposed and built the Optical Transition Radiation monitor that accurately measured the position of the proton beam which produced the neutrinos.
"Without this critical device, the groundbreaking physics results from T2K would have larger associated uncertainties, making it less meaningful," said Bhadra.
Neutrinos are the most abundant massive particles in the universe, arising as a product of the Big Bang, and continuously appear from processes such as fusion in the sun and interactions of cosmic rays in the atmosphere. Neutrinos can also be created at accelerators for a more controlled study. In the T2K project, muon-neutrinos are created at the JPARC proton accelerator in Tokai, Japan and sent 300km to the Superkamiokande detector in Kamioka.
The change in the identity (oscillations) of muon-neutrinos to electron-neutrinos during flight was observed for the first time by T2K. This ultimately led to the measurement of the last unknown quantity dictating the rules for oscillations. The T2K research team has extended its reach by studying not only matter (muon-neutrinos) but also antimatter (anti-muon neutrinos) to determine whether they exhibit the same transformational properties. If not, the new behaviour could be unlocking information on how the universe as we know it came to be.
"We are looking for differences that will hopefully shed light on how matter won out over anti-matter shortly after the Big Bang, making our very existence possible," said Bhadra.
The Optical Transition Radiation monitor was highly successful in part due to the work of present and former York University students (Brian Kirby, Vyacheslav Galymov, Elder Pinzon, Mitchell Yu, Mark McCarthy and post-docs Arturo Fiorentini and Mark Hartz, jointly with the University of Toronto and now a professor at the University of Tokyo), IPMU and TRIUMF. Many of them contributed not only to the hardware but also the analysis that led to the breakthrough results.
Founded by Russian entrepreneur, venture capitalist and physicist Yuri Milner, The Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics recognizes individuals who have made profound contributions to human knowledge. It is open to all physicists -- theoretical, mathematical and experimental -- working on the deepest mysteries of the Universe. The prize is one of three awarded by the Breakthrough Foundation for "Outstanding contributions in Life Sciences, Fundamental Physics, and Mathematics."
The award was presented at a ceremony, hosted by Seth Macfarlane, at the NASA Ames Research Centre in California. It was broadcast live in the US on National Geographic Channel. A one-hour version of the broadcast is scheduled for Fox on Nov. 29, at 7 pm.
The T2K collaboration consists of over 400 physicists from 59 institutions in countries including Japan, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Poland, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, the United States and the United Kingdom. The Canadian T2K group consists of 40 scientists from eight institutions (York University, the University of Victoria, the University of British Columbia, TRIUMF, the University of Alberta, the University of Regina, the University of Winnipeg and the University of Toronto).
York University is known for championing new ways of thinking that drive teaching and research excellence. Our 52,000 students receive the education they need to create big ideas that make an impact on the world. Meaningful and sometimes unexpected careers result from cross-discipline programming, innovative course design and diverse experiential learning opportunities. York students and graduates push limits, achieve goals and find solutions to the world's most pressing social challenges, empowered by a strong community that opens minds. York U is an internationally recognized research university - our 11 faculties and 24 research centres have partnerships with 200+ leading universities worldwide.
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