image: Note: The table gives suggestions regarding which strategy can address potential determinants of vaccine refusal that we see as predominant in certain types of non-vaccinators. There are not enough studies to make evidence-based recommendations. Moreover, it has not been tested whether these interventions are especially suitable for the suggested types of non-vaccinators. Future research should address this question. view more
Credit: Betsch et al
Los Angeles, CA (October 1, 2015) While scientists are continuously improving vaccinations to stop the spread of disease, many people continue to opt out. In a new review of the literature, researchers identified four types of people who decide not to vaccinate due to issues of complacency, convenience, confidence, and calculation, and offer strategies to address these issues. This study is published today in the new issue of Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, a Federation of Associations in Behavioral and Brain Sciences (FABBS) journal published by SAGE.
Analyzing factors that influence decisions to vaccinate and issues that impede vaccinations, researchers Betsch et al. put decision-makers into four broad categories:
Complacent: Individuals who do not care about immunization
- Researchers recommend changes in relaying information, such as campaigns that increase awareness about the likelihood of infection, strengthen positive attitudes toward vaccinations, stress the social benefit of vaccines, position vaccination as the norm, and debunk vaccination myths, such as the myth about the link between vaccination and autism. Strong recommendations to vaccinate, such as those coming from doctors, may also be an effective way to motivate this type. Additional strategies include changes to vaccination policy, such as changing from opt-in systems to opt-out systems or making vaccination mandatory. Adding incentives, such as fines for non-vaccination and cash rewards for vaccination uptake, may also be influential for this type.
Convenience: Individuals who lack the willpower to vaccinate or face the inconvenience of cost and travel
- Researchers recommend changes to the decision structure that facilitate the act of vaccination. Further, doctor recommendations to vaccinate as well as other interventions that support self-control and follow through can be effective with this type, such as asking individuals to pre-commit to vaccination and issuing phone and SMS appointment reminders.
Confidence: Individuals who possess incorrect knowledge that distorts their perceived risk of vaccination and weakens their trust in vaccinations
- Researchers recommend exposure to information that debunks vaccination myths and that comes from trustworthy sources, like doctors.
Calculation: Individuals who weigh potential pros and cons of vaccination, and may not vaccinate when information is contradictory
- Researchers recommend debunking myths, increasing awareness about the likelihood of infection, and stressing the social benefits of vaccines, which will provide calculating individuals with correct information to aid their decision making. For this type, contradictory information can result in inaction, so providing additional information in support of vaccination can be effective. Incentives may also be influential for calculating individuals.
The researchers assume confident individuals to be the hardest to persuade, and that attempts to do so may have negative effects, such as increasing their resistance to vaccination.
"Efforts should be concentrated on motivating the complacent, removing barriers for those for whom vaccination is inconvenient, and adding incentives and additional utility for the calculating," the researchers wrote. "These strategies might be more promising, economic and effective than convincing those who lack confidence in vaccination."
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Find out more by reading the full article, "Using Behavioral Insights to Increase Vaccination Policy Effectiveness." For an embargoed version of the full text, please email camille.gamboa@sagepub.com.
SAGE Founded 50 years ago by Sara Miller McCune to support the dissemination of usable knowledge and educate a global community, SAGE publishes more than 850 journals and over 800 new books each year, spanning a wide range of subject areas. A growing selection of library products includes archives, data and video. SAGE remains majority owned by our founder and after her lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures the company's continued independence. Principal offices are located in Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore and Washington DC. http://www.sagepub.com
Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences is an annual publication of the Federation of Associations in Behavioral and Brain Sciences (FABBS) that presents original research and scientific reviews relevant to public policy. This annual will allow scientists to share research that can help build sound policies, allow policymakers to provide feedback to the scientific community regarding research that could address societal challenges, and encourage the scientific community to build models that seriously consider implementation to address the needs of society. http://bbs.sagepub.com/
Journal
Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences