Magnetic nanoparticles can open the blood-brain barrier and deliver molecules directly to the brain, say researchers from the University of Montreal, Polytechnique Montréal, and CHU Sainte-Justine. This barrier runs inside almost all vessels in the brain and protects it from elements circulating in the blood that may be toxic to the brain. The research is important as currently 98% of therapeutic molecules are also unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. "The barrier is temporary opened at a desired location for approximately 2 hours by a small elevation of the temperature generated by the nanoparticles when exposed to a radio-frequency field," explained first author and co-inventor Seyed Nasrollah Tabatabaei. "Our tests revealed that this technique is not associated with any inflammation of the brain. This new result could lead to a breakthrough in the way nanoparticles are used in the treatment and diagnosis of brain diseases," explained the co-investigator, Hélène Girouard. "At the present time, surgery is the only way to treat patients with brain disorders. Moreover, while surgeons are able to operate to remove certain kinds of tumors, some disorders are located in the brain stem, amongst nerves, making surgery impossible," added collaborator and senior author Anne-Sophie Carret.
Although the technology was developed using murine models and has not yet been tested in humans, the researchers are confident that future research will enable its use in people. "Building on earlier findings and drawing on the global effort of an interdisciplinary team of researchers, this technology proposes a modern version of the vision described almost 40 years ago in the movie Fantastic Voyage, where a miniature submarine navigated in the vascular network to reach a specific region of the brain," said principal investigator Sylvain Martel. In earlier research, Martel and his team had managed to manipulate the movement of nanoparticles through the body using the magnetic forces generated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines.
To open the blood-brain barrier, the magnetic nanoparticles are sent to the surface of the blood-brain barrier at a desired location in the brain. Although it was not the technique used in this study, the placement could be achieved by using the MRI technology described above. Then, the researchers generated a radio-frequency field. The nanoparticles reacted to the radio-frequency field by dissipating heat thereby creating a mechanical stress on the barrier. This allows a temporary and localized opening of the barrier for diffusion of therapeutics into the brain.
The technique is unique in many ways. "The result is quite significant since we showed in previous experiments that the same nanoparticles can also be used to navigate therapeutic agents in the vascular network using a clinical MRI scanner," Martel remarked. "Linking the navigation capability with these new results would allow therapeutics to be delivered directly to a specific site of the brain, potentially improving significantly the efficacy of the treatment while avoiding systemic circulation of toxic agents that affect healthy tissues and organs," Carret added. "While other techniques have been developed for delivering drugs to the blood-brain barrier, they either open it too wide, exposing the brain to great risks, or they are not precise enough, leading to scattering of the drugs and possible unwanted side effect," Martel said.
Although there are many hurdles to overcome before the technology can be used to treat humans, the research team is optimistic. "Although our current results are only proof of concept, we are on the way to achieving our goal of developing a local drug delivery mechanism that will be able to treat oncologic, psychiatric, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, amongst others," Carret concluded.
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About this study:
Seyed Nasrollah Tabatabaei, Hélène Girouard, Anne-Sophie Carret, and Sylvain Martel will publish "Remote control of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier by magnetic heating of nanoparticles: a proof of concept for brain drug delivery" in an upcoming edition of the Journal of Controlled Release.
S.N. Tabatabaei is affiliated with the Polytechnique Montréal's Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Pharmacology at the University of Montreal. The team credits him with undertaking most of the experimental work. H. Girouard is also affiliated with this department and the Director of the Cerebrovascular Laboratory at Université de Montréal. Martel is affiliated with this institute and Polytechnique's Department of Computer and Software Engineering. S. Martel is also Director of the NanoRobotics Laboratory at Polytechnique Montréal and a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Medical Nanorobotics. A.S. Carret is Pediatric Hematologist Oncologist affiliated with the university's Department of Pediatrics and the CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre.
The research was supported in part by Chaire de Recherche de l'École Polytechnique de Montréal, the Canada Research Chairs, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Fonds de recherche du Québec - Santé, and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. The University of Montreal is officially known as Université de Montréal.
Journal
Journal of Controlled Release