PROVIDENCE, R.I. - Researchers from Rhode Island and The Miriam hospitals and the Stanford University School of Medicine have found that prescription opioids, including methadone, were involved in 67.8 percent of (or over 135,971 visits to) nationwide emergency department (ED) visits in 2010, with the highest proportion of opioid overdoses occurring in the South.
Additionally, several concurrent health conditions were identified as common among overdose victims. These include chronic respiratory diseases and mental health/mood disorders -suggesting that opioids should be prescribed with caution to patients with pre-existing medical conditions. The study and its findings have been published online in JAMA Internal Medicine.
"Opioid overdose takes a significant toll on the health care system in the United States, both in terms of finances and resources," says Traci Green, Ph.D., M.Sc., an epidemiologist at the Department of Emergency Medicine at Rhode Island Hospital and a senior researcher on the study. "To date, there have been minimal studies and related national data about opioid overdoses in emergency departments."
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, deaths from drug overdose have been rising steadily over the past two decades. Every day in the U.S., 114 people die due to drug overdose. Opioid overdose, which includes medications such as osycodone, hydrocodone and methadone, is the leading cause of accidental death for adults in the U.S.
Green, who is also affiliated with the Rhode Island Hospital Injury Prevention Center and The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights at The Miriam Hospital, and Josiah Rich, M.D., MPH, director of The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights at The Miriam Hospital, are credited with spearheading a Rhode Island "collaborative practice agreement" allowing anyone to walk into a Rhode Island Walgreens or CVS and obtain naloxone (also known as Narcan) and training on how to use it. The Miriam also recently joined with Rhode Island and Newport hospitals to launch a program to help combat the opioid overdose epidemic, including emergency department-based overdose prevention and response education and distribution of intra-nasal naloxone rescue kits to overdose patients and their families.
Led by Michael Yokell, Sc.B., of the Stanford University School of Medicine and formerly a researcher at The Miriam Hospital, the opioid overdose research done by Yokell, Green, and their colleagues found that the number of ED visits resulting in death was highest for overdoses involving multiple opioids. It was lowest for prescription opioids. Overall, the death rate was less than 2 percent for patients who made it to the emergency department, highlighting the need to ensure safe access to emergency medical services (EMS) for overdose victims. One approach to increase EMS utilization for overdose victims is the adoption of Good Samaritan Laws, which allow limited legal protection for drug-related charges when an overdose victim or witness calls 911 during an overdose. One such law, The Good Samaritan Overdose Prevention Act, became law in Rhode Island in 2012.
"Our research indicated that there are high rates of several comorbidities among patients who overdosed," Green says. "This suggests that opioid analgesic prescriptions for patients with comorbidities should be handled with care, and health care providers should counsel all their patients about overdose risks.
"Further," Green adds, "acute benzodiazepine intoxication was recorded in 22.2 percent of all overdose patients. That shows a need for health care providers to exercise caution when prescribing opioids to patients in conjunction with other sedating medications."
The study was an analysis of the 2010 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Emergency department visits were tabulated by opioid type, ED aggregated charges and health care utilization data, and inpatient care of ED opioid overdose patients. Emergency department, demographic and clinical patient characteristics were evaluated, as were outcomes for prescription and non-prescription drug overdose events.
In addition to prescription opioids' involvement in 67.8 percent of all overdoses, the findings showed that heroin played a role in 16.1 percent of all overdoses; unspecified opioids were involved in 13.4 percent; and multiple opioid types were involved in 2.7 percent.
"Because most of the patients we studied overdosed on prescription opioids," Yokell concludes, "it's of critical importance that further efforts be made to stem the prescription overdose epidemic."
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Michael Yokell is from the Division of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine in Stanford, California; Traci Green is an epidemiologist at the Department of Emergency Medicine at Rhode Island Hospital and the Department of Infectious Diseases and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, both in Providence, Rhode Island, and is affiliated with The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights at The Miriam Hospital. Other researchers in the study include M. Kit Delgado of the Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania; Nickolas Zaller of the Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, and the Department of Infectious Diseases and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and currently affiliated with the Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas in Little Rock, Arkansas; N. Ewen Wang, of the Division of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Hospital; and Samuel McGowan of the Department of Medicine, Rush Medical College in Chicago, Illinois.
About Rhode Island Hospital
Founded in 1863, Rhode Island Hospital in Providence, R.I., is a private, not-for-profit hospital and is the principal teaching hospital of The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. A major trauma center for southeastern New England, the hospital is dedicated to being on the cutting edge of medicine and research. Last year, Rhode Island Hospital received more than $50 million in external research funding. It is also home to Hasbro Children's Hospital, the state's only facility dedicated to pediatric care. For more information on Rhode Island Hospital, visit http://www.rhodeislandhospital.org, follow us on Twitter @RIHospital or like us on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/rhodeislandhospitalpage.
About The Miriam Hospital
The Miriam Hospital is a 247-bed, not-for-profit teaching hospital affiliated with The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. It offers expertise in cardiology, oncology, orthopedics, men's health, and minimally invasive surgery and is home to the state's first Joint Commission-certified Stroke Center and robotic surgery program. The hospital, which received more than $27 million in external research funding last year, is nationally known for its HIV/AIDS and behavioral and preventive medicine research, including weight control, physical activity and smoking cessation. The Miriam Hospital has been awarded Magnet Recognition for Excellence in Nursing Services four times and is a founding member of the Lifespan health system. Follow us on Facebook, Twitter (@MiriamHospital) and Pinterest.
Journal
JAMA Internal Medicine