New research published in the September issue of the British Journal of Nutrition and featured in the just released Global Phytonutrient Report highlights a significant shortfall in fruit and vegetable consumption in people's diets around the world. Commissioned by the Nutrilite Health Institute of Amway, the research finds the majority of adults worldwide would have to at least double their current consumption of fruits and vegetables to meet the World Health Organization's minimum recommendation of five servings (400 grams) per day. Additionally, the vast majority of adults worldwide – 60 to 87 percent across 13 geographic diet regions – are falling short of this recommendation and missing out on crucial nutrition and health benefits.
The gap between the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables and what adults are actually eating also indicates that most adults worldwide are not receiving the quantity or variety of phytonutrients – organic compounds found in fruits and vegetables – potentially needed to support their health and wellness. While specific recommendations for phytonutrient consumption levels have not yet been established uniformly worldwide, a growing body of research suggests that eating foods rich in phytonutrients may provide a range of health benefits, from promoting eye, bone and heart health, to supporting immune and brain function. Many phytonutrients are powerful antioxidants that can help fight the damage caused to our bodies' cells over time.
"Insights from the research highlight a global need for increased awareness of the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption, and phytonutrient intakes," said Keith Randolph, Ph.D., nutrition technology strategist at the Nutrilite Health Institute and co-author of the research published in the British Journal of Nutrition.
The Effect of Low Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Availability on Phytonutrient Intake
The research examined the impact of low fruit and vegetable consumption on phytonutrient intake in each of the 13 regions under study. This examination found adults consuming five or more daily servings of fruits and vegetables had two to six times the average intake of phytonutrients of adults consuming fewer than five servings per day.
Additionally, the research looks at the variety and availability of fruits and vegetables in each of the regions. It shows that phytonutrient intake estimates vary considerably across some regions, a reflection of limited availability of some fruits and vegetables. Key findings include:
- European Regions: When compared to other regions, adults in European regions, in particular Northern Europe, likely have high intakes of alpha-carotene and beta-carotene, attributable in part to the relative high availability of carrots. These phytonutrients are known to support healthy growth and development.1
- Asian Regions: Adults in Asia (A), which includes China and India, likely have relatively low intakes of ellagic acid due to the limited availability of berries. Ellagic acid is shown to be vital to cell health.2,3
- South/Central America: Adults in South/Central America likely have relatively low intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin – phytonutrients thought to be crucial to healthy vision4,5 – relative to adults in Asia or Northern Europe.
- All Regions: Fruiting vegetables (e.g. tomatoes and corn) and tropical and subtropical fruits (e.g. plantains and bananas) are among the most commonly available vegetables and fruits across most regions. Given this, adults worldwide consuming fruits and vegetables will likely receive some level of lycopene, which supports heart health,6 as well as alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin.
"Both the amount and variety of fruits and vegetables in a person's diet are important," said Mary Murphy, MS, RD, senior managing scientist at Exponent, Inc. and co-author of the study. "In order to consume a range of phytonutrients people should aim to meet recommended intakes of fruits and vegetables and eat an assortment of fruits and vegetables."
Factors Contributing to Low Phytonutrient Intake
Dr. Randolph acknowledges that busy lives, cost, seasonal and geographic availability, as well as perceptions of the value of fruits and vegetables as a food source, could all influence people's consumption of fruits and vegetables, and ultimately phytonutrients.
"No matter where they live, many adults today lead busy and active lives and/or may have limited access to some fruits and vegetables," said Randolph. "That's why it's important for adults to eat whole foods, including fruits and vegetables, whenever possible. But when availability is limited or diet is not enough, dietary supplementation may be an option for individuals looking to increase their phytonutrient consumption," added Randolph.
Additional information about the research can be found here. The study is published online at http://www.journals.cambridge.org/BJN/phytonutrient and will appear in the September print issue of the British Journal of Nutrition.
About Nutrilite
Celebrating 80 years in 2014, NUTRILITE exclusively by Amway is the world's number one selling brand of vitamins and dietary supplements.* Backed by 80 years of science and research, the Nutrilite team has perfected a proprietary "seed to supplement" practice to preserve quality and maximize the consistency, efficacy and safety of its products. Nutrilite products are developed for personal daily nutrition, heart health, strong bones and weight management. The NUTRILITE brand is the only global vitamin and mineral brand to grow, harvest and process plants on its own certified organic farms*, which are located in the United States, Mexico and Brazil. More information is available at facebook.com/Nutrilite or twitter.com/Nutrilite.
*Source: Euromonitor International Limited, http://www.euromonitor.com/amway-claims.
About the Research Published in the British Journal of Nutrition Study
The research was commissioned by the Nutrilite Health Institute of Amway and estimated phytonutrient intake across 13 regions by analyzing the World Health Survey fruit and vegetable servings intake data and the Food and Agriculture Organization supply utilization accounts data in combination with phytonutrient concentration data from U.S. Department of Agriculture databases and the published literature. The nine phytonutrients included in the analysis are found predominantly in fruits and vegetables and represent major classes of phytochemicals (carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids).
About The Global Phytonutrient Report
The Global Phytonutrient Report: A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability, and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes was developed by Nutrilite using results from an analysis of fruit and vegetable intakes conducted for Nutrilite by Exponent, Inc. The analysis of fruit and vegetable intakes was conducted using data from several sources: World Health Organization's World Health Survey, the Global Environment Monitoring System - Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme, and the Food and Agriculture Organization's Supply Utilization Accounts and Food Balance Sheets. All implications and inferences presented in this report were prepared by Nutrilite and represent the opinions of Nutrilite.
The 13 regions in the analysis conducted for Nutrilite correspond to the 2006 diet clusters identified by the Global Environment Monitoring System - Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme. The regions and examples of associated countries include: Americas and Australia (United States); South/Central America (Mexico); South America (Brazil); Southern Europe/Mediterranean (Italy); Western Europe (Germany); Northern Europe (Sweden); Eastern Europe (Russia); Asia (A) (China and India); Asia (B) (Japan and Korea); Northern Africa/Middle East (Morocco); Central Africa (A) (Cameroon); Central Africa (B) (Nigeria); Southern Africa (South Africa). Both Asia and Central Africa were separated by GEMS into two clusters.
1Dancheck B, Nussenblatt V, Kumwenda N, Lema V, Neville MC, Broadhead R, Taha TE, Ricks MO, Semba RD. Status of carotenoids, vitamin A, and vitamin E in the mother-infant dyad and anthropometric status of infants in Malawi. J Health Popul Nutr. 2005 Dec;23(4):343-50.
2Aiyer HS, Kichambare S, Gupta RC. Prevention of oxidative DNA damage by bioactive berry components. Nutr Cancer 2008;60:36-42.
3Aiyer HS, Srinivasan C, Gupta RC. Dietary berries and ellagic acid diminish estrogen-mediated mammary tumorigenesis in ACI rats. Nutr Cancer 2008;60:227-34.
4Piermarocchi S1, Saviano S, Parisi V, Tedeschi M, Panozzo G, Scarpa G, Boschi G, Lo Giudice G; Carmis Study Group. Carotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2012 Mar-Apr;22(2):216-25.
5Ma L1, Yan SF, Huang YM, Lu XR, Qian F, Pang HL, Xu XR, Zou ZY, Dong PC, Xiao X, Wang X, Sun TT, Dou HL, Lin XM. Effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2012 Nov;119(11):2290-7.
6Böhm V. Lycopene and heart health. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012; 56(2):296-303.
Journal
British Journal Of Nutrition