In an individual patient data meta-analysis of studies published before July 2013, Jan A Staessen and colleagues (University of Leuven, Belgium) found that patients with masked hypertension, or normal BP in clinic but elevated BP when measured at home, had an increased risk of death and cardiovascular events compared with those who had normal BP in both the clinic and at home.
The analysis included 5008 participants. While self-measured home BP was lower on average than clinic BP (mean home systolic BP 7.0 mm Hg and diastolic BP 3.0 mm Hg lower than the conventional blood pressure), 67 (5.0%) of those with optimal clinic BP (<120/80 mm Hg), 187 (18.4%) of those with normal clinic BP (120/80 mm Hg), and 315 (30.4%) of those with high-normal clinic BP (130/85 mm Hg) had masked hypertension, or BP>130/85 when BP was measured at home.
During a median of 8.3 years (total of 46,593 person-years) of follow-up, 522 participants died and 414 had a fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular event. Compared with patients with optimal blood pressure without masked hypertension, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for total mortality for those with optimal clinic BP but masked hypertension were 2.21 (CI, 1.27.85); for those with normal clinic BP but masked hypertension, 1.57 (CI, 1.02.41); and for those with high-normal clinic BP but masked hypertension, 1.54 (CI, 1.07.23).
The authors found that patients with masked hypertension were more likely to be male, to smoke, to have diabetes mellitus or a history of cardiovascular disease, and to be older and more obese. These factors and others were adjusted for in the analysis. They acknowledge that the study did not assess the reproducibility of masked hypertension.
The authors state, "The key finding of our current study is that home blood pressure substantially refines risk stratification at levels of the conventional blood pressure that are presumably associated with no or only mildly elevated risk. In contrast, in severe hypertension, the self-measured home blood pressure did not improve the prediction of death or cardiovascular complications…. Consequently, we suggest that in individuals at risk for masked hypertension, home blood pressure monitoring should be included in the strategy of primary prevention of cardiovascular complications... Properly designed randomized clinical trials are required to demonstrate that identification and treatment of masked hypertension versus the current standard of care, i.e., not to perform home blood pressure measurement and not to treat people with normotension or prehypertension on conventional measurement, leads to a reduction of cardiovascular complications and is cost-effective."
In an accompanying Perspective, Mark Caulfield (Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK) states, "at every level of blood pressure below 160/100 mm Hg, the additional measurements provided by HBPM [home BP monitoring] improved risk stratification, providing new evidence supporting use of HBPM in routine assessment of risk. This result is important because it could refine risk stratification in normotensive people with optimal, normal or high-normal blood pressure based on CBPM [clinic BP monitoring] who are not conventionally treated. In addition, HBPM showed improved stratification of risk in those with masked hypertension who have normal clinic blood pressure but on HBPM or ABPM [ambulatory BP monitoring] have periods of elevated BP that may be benefit from treatment...With a growing burden of high blood pressure and affordable devices, HBPM could be used to diagnose high blood pressure and help decide whom to treat. It empowers patients to take on a role in assessment of their blood pressure. Now with smart phone applications that accept automated data uploads from HBPM and display blood pressure trends over time, HBPM could help avoid travel and may save time for the healthcare team as they conduct remote consultations exploiting electronic tools for communication."
Research Article
Funding: The European Union (grants IC15-CT98-0329-EPOGH, LSHM-CT-2006-037093 InGenious HyperCare, HEALTH-F4-2007-201550 HyperGenes, HEALTH-F7- 2011-278249 EU-MASCARA, HEALTH-F7-305507 HOMAGE, and the European Research Council Advanced Researcher Grant 294713 EPLORE) and the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Ministry of the Flemish Community, Brussels, Belgium (G.0881.13 and G.0880.13) supported the Studies Coordinating Centre, Leuven, Belgium. The Ohasama study was supported by the Grants for Scientific Research (23249036, 23390171, 24591060, 24390084, 24591060, 22590767, 22790556, 23790718, 23790242, and 24790654) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan; Health Labour Sciences Research Grant (H23-Junkankitou [Seishuu]-Ippan-005) from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan; the Japan Arteriosclerosis Prevention Fund; and the Grant from the Daiwa Securities Health Foundation. The Finn-Home Project Organisation involved the Finnish Centre for Pensions, Social Insurance Institution, National Public Health Institute, Local Government Pensions Institution, National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, Finnish Dental Society and the Finnish Dental Association, Statistics Finland, Finnish Work Environment Fund, Finnish Institute for Occupational Health, UKK Institute for Health Promotion, State Pensions Office, and State Work Environment Fund. The Asociacio´n Espan˜ola Primera de Socorros Mutuos and the Agencia Nacional de Innovacio´n e Investigacio´n and Gramo´ n-Bago´ supported the Montevideo study. The Tsurugaya study was supported by a Health Sciences Research Grant for Health Service (H21-Choju-Ippan-001) from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, and the Japan Arteriosclerosis Prevention Fund. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Citation: Asayama K, Thijs L, Brguljan Hitij J, Niiranen TJ, Hozawa A, et al. (2014) Risk Stratification by Self-Measured Home Blood Pressure across Categories of Conventional Blood Pressure: A Participant-Level Meta-Analysis. PLoS Med 11(1): e1001591. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001591
IN YOUR COVERAGE PLEASE USE THIS URL TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO THE FREELY AVAILABLE PAPER:
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001591
Contact:
Jan Staessen
University of Leuven
BELGIUM
jan.staessen@med.kuleuven.be
Perspective Article
Funding: No specific funding was received for writing this article.
Competing Interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist.
Citation: Caulfield M (2014) Home Blood Pressure Monitoring: New Evidence for an Expanded Role. PLoS Med 11(1): e1001592. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001592
IN YOUR COVERAGE PLEASE USE THIS URL TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO THE FREELY AVAILABLE PAPER:
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001592
Contact:
Mark J. Caulfield
Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
UNITED KINGDOM
+44 207 882 3403
M.J.Caulfield@qmul.ac.uk; tina.johnson@qmul.ac.uk
Journal
PLoS Medicine