WASHINGTON -- Climate change has increased concern over possible large and rapid changes in the physical climate system, which includes the Earth's atmosphere, land surfaces, and oceans. Some of these changes could occur within a few decades or even years, leaving little time for society and ecosystems to adapt. A new report from the National Research Council extends this idea of abrupt climate change, stating that even steady, gradual change in the physical climate system can have abrupt impacts elsewhere -- in human infrastructure and ecosystems for example -- if critical thresholds are crossed. The report calls for the development of an early warning system that could help society better anticipate sudden changes and emerging impacts.
"Research has helped us begin to distinguish more imminent threats from those that are less likely to happen this century," said James W.C. White, professor of geological sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and chair of the committee that wrote the report. "Evaluating climate changes and impacts in terms of their potential magnitude and the likelihood they will occur will help policymakers and communities make informed decisions about how to prepare for or adapt to them."
Abrupt climate changes and impacts already under way are of immediate concern, the report says. These include the disappearance of late-summer Arctic sea ice and increases in extinction rates of marine and terrestrial species.
Other scenarios, such as the destabilization of the west Antarctic ice sheet, have potentially major consequences, but the probability of these changes occurring within the next century is not well-understood, highlighting the need for more research.
In some cases, scientific understanding has progressed enough to determine whether certain high-impact climate changes are likely to happen within the next century. The report notes that a shutdown in the Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns or a rapid release of methane from high-latitude permafrost or undersea ice are now known to be unlikely this century, although these potential abrupt changes are still worrisome over longer time horizons.
But even changes in the physical climate system that happen gradually over many decades or centuries can cause abrupt ecological or socio-economic change once a "tipping point" is reached, the report adds. For example, relatively slow global sea-level rise could directly affect local infrastructure such as roads, airports, pipelines, or subway systems if a sea wall or levee is breached. And slight increases in ocean acidity or surface temperatures could cross thresholds beyond which many species cannot survive, leading to rapid and irreversible changes in ecosystems that contribute to further extinction events.
Further scientific research and enhanced monitoring of the climate, ecosystems, and social systems may be able to provide information that a tipping point is imminent, allowing time for adaptation or possibly mitigation, or that a tipping point has recently occurred, the report says.
"Right now we don't know what many of these thresholds are," White said. "But with better information, we will be able to anticipate some major changes before they occur and help reduce the potential consequences." The report identifies several research needs, such as identifying keystone species whose population decline due to an abrupt change would have cascading effects on ecosystems and ultimately on human provisions such as food supply.
If society hopes to anticipate tipping points in natural and human systems, an early warning system for abrupt changes needs to be developed, the report says. An effective system would need to include careful and vigilant monitoring, taking advantage of existing land and satellite systems and modifying them if necessary, or designing and implementing new systems when feasible. It would also need to be flexible and adaptive, regularly conducting and alternating between data collection, model testing and improvement, and model predictions that suggest future data needs.
The study was sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Science Foundation, U.S. intelligence community, and the National Academies. The National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council make up the National Academies. They are private, independent nonprofit institutions that provide science, technology, and health policy advice under a congressional charter granted to NAS in 1863. The Research Council is the principal operating agency of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. For more information, visit http://national-academies.org. A committee roster follows.
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Additional resources:
Full Report
Report in Brief
Slideshow
Pre-publication copies of Abrupt Impacts of Climate Change: Anticipating Surprises are available from the National Academies Press on the Internet at http://www.nap.edu or by calling tel. 202-334-3313 or 1-800-624-6242. Reporters may obtain a copy from the Office of News and Public Information (contacts listed above).
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
Division on Earth and Life Studies
Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate
Committee on Understanding and Monitoring Abrupt Climate Change and Its Impacts
James W.C. White (chair)
Professor of Geological Sciences
Department of Geological Sciences
University of Colorado
Boulder
Richard B. Alley*
Evan Pugh Professor of Geosciences
Department of Geosciences and the Earth and Environmental Systems Institute
Pennsylvania State University
University Park
David Archer
Professor
Department of Geophysical Sciences
University of Chicago
Chicago
Anthony D. Barnosky
Professor
Department of Integrative Biology
University of California
Berkeley
Jonathan Foley
Director
Institute on the Environment, and
Professor and McKnight Presidential Chair
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior
University of Minnesota
Saint Paul
Rong Fu
Professor
Jackson School of Geosciences
University of Texas
Austin
Marika Holland
Ice Specialist
Oceanography Section
Climate and Global Dynamics
National Center for Atmospheric Research
Boulder, Colo.
Susan Lozier
Professor
Nicholas School of the Environment
Duke University
Durham, N.C.
Johanna Schmitt*
Distinguished Professor
Department of Evolution and Ecology
University of California
Davis
Laurence C. Smith
Professor
Department of Geography
University of California
Los Angeles
George Sugihara
Professor and Chair
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla
David Thompson
Professor
Department of Atmospheric Science
Colorado State University
Fort Collins
Andrew J. Weaver
Lansdowne Professor
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences
University of Victoria
British Columbia
Steven C. Wofsy*
Abbott Lawrence Rotch Professor of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences
School of Engineering and Applied Science and
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Harvard University
Cambridge, Mass.
STAFF
Edward Dunlea
Study Director
* Member, National Academy of Sciences