image: Listeria (stained green) can acquire resistance through the transfer of foreign genes. The green bacteria are alive, red ones are dead. view more
Credit: Monika Dzieciol / Vetmeduni Vienna
Recent years have seen significant outbreaks of listeriosis on both sides of the Atlantic. Although the disease can usually be treated successfully, it is occasionally fatal, most frequently in pregnant women or immunocompromized people. And even when treatment is effective, the symptoms are anything but pleasant and include fever and muscle aches along with diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. The old adage is clearly true: prevention is better than cure.
Prevention of listeriosis relies on killing the causative agent, normally the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, in dairies and other food-processing facilities. A number of disinfectants are used for this purpose, most often quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkonium chloride (BC). Unfortunately, however, many strains of listeria seem to be developing resistance to these agents, although the underlying mechanisms have remained obscure. Together with colleagues in Ireland, the group of Stephan Schmitz-Esser of the Vetmeduni's Institute for Milk Hygiene has provided convincing evidence that a novel piece of DNA in the bacteria is involved.
The scientists used next-generation sequencing techniques to determine the DNA sequences of two strains of listeria known to be resistant to BC. When they examined the sequences they noticed a region of DNA of ca. 5 kb that was strikingly different in composition from the remainder of the genome. The bacteria seem to have acquired this novel element fairly recently and Schmitz-Esser termed it Tn6188 (so-called transposons are frequent in bacterial genomes, explaining the high number).
Of course, the presence of Tn6188 in two strains resistant to BC might merely be a coincidence. The researchers thus screened an additional 90 strains of listeria for the element, finding it in ten of them. The ten strains harbouring Tn6188 turned out to be far less sensitive to benzalkonium chloride. One of the five proteins that could be encoded by Tn6188, termed QacH by Schmitz-Esser and colleagues term because of its similarity to proteins of this name from other organisms, was activated by the presence of BC in culture medium. And in a final experiment, the scientists could show that deleting the QacH gene made listeria once again sensitive to the drug.
Although his group has not formally proved that the new transposon is responsible for BC resistance in listeria, Schmitz-Esser feels that he has "probably sufficient circumstantial evidence to obtain a conviction. In any case our results show that listeria can acquire new genetic material from other bacteria – it is thus important to ensure thorough disinfecting of food-processing facilities to prevent reservoirs of resistant bacteria building up and transferring their resistance to listeria."
The paper Tn6188 - A Novel Transposon in Listeria monocytogenes Responsible for Tolerance to Benzalkonium Chloride by Anneliese Müller, Kathrin Rychli, Meryem Muhterem-Uyar, Andreas Zaiser, Beatrix Stessl, Caitriona M. Guinane, Paul D. Cotter, Martin Wagner and Stephan Schmitz-Esser has just been published in the online journal Plos One, where it is freely available. PLoS One 8(10): e76835. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076835 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0076835
About the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna
The University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna is the only academic and research institution in Austria that focuses on the veterinary sciences. About 1200 employees and 2300 students work on the campus in the north of Vienna, which also houses the animal hospital and various spin-off-companies. http://www.vetmeduni.ac.at
Scientific Contact:
Dr.rer.nat. Stephan Schmitz-Esser
Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science
University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna)
T +43 1 25077 3510
stephan.schmitz-esser@vetmeduni.ac.at
Released by:
Susanna Kautschitsch
Science Communication / Public Relations
University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna)
T +43 1 25077-1153
susanna.kautschitsch@vetmeduni.ac.at
Journal
PLoS ONE