image: This image shows a patient with an eczema-like skin rash behind the knees as a result of primary immunodeficiency. view more
Credit: The National Institutes of Health
October 29, 2013 -- Our skin plays host to millions of beneficial and potentially disease-causing microorganisms; however, whether our immune system influences these microbial communities to prevent disease is unknown. In a study published online in Genome Research, researchers have explored the microbes living on the skin of patients with primary immunodeficiencies with eczema-like skin conditions.
The human body contains many microbes, some of which are necessary for healthy bodily functions including digestion. Others, such as some microbes living on our skin, may be pathogenic. Previous studies investigated how these microbes educate and shape the human immune system. There is little known, however, if the immune system influences the types of microbes that live on the skin and thus potentially prevents disease. "In addition to questions about how microbes affect the human host, there is an interest in understanding how the human host affects the microbes that make our skin their home," said Heidi Kong of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and co-senior author of the study.
To study this, the authors enlisted patients with reduced immune function as a result of rare genetic defects. Despite the diversity in disease-causing mutations in the patients, all patients shared an eczema-like skin condition. The scientists identified the patients' skin microbes by sequencing microbial DNA from skin swabs. The immunodeficient patients had types of bacteria and fungi on their skin not found on healthy individuals, suggesting the patients' skin was more permissive to microbe growth. "Our findings suggest that the human body, including our immune systems, constrains and potentially selects which bacteria and fungi can inhabit skin," said Kong.
Interestingly, the skin sites specifically prone to disease showed significant differences in microbial diversity, or the number of different types of microbes present, in immundeficient patients. The skin at the elbow crease, for instance, had fewer types of microbes than found on healthy individuals, while skin behind the ear had more types of microbes. The authors suggest that an imbalance in microbial diversity at a given site may contribute to disease. In addition, "the communities of bacteria and fungi on the skin of primary immunodeficiency patients are more likely to change over time," said co-senior author Julie Segre, of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).
Immunodeficient patients overall had much more similar microbial communities across their entire bodies, which are usually distinct in healthy individuals. The authors suggest correcting the diversity of microbes on the skin, not just targeting pathogenic ones, may aid in the treatment of disease.
Although the individuals in this study have rare genetic disorders, this research may have implications for patients with temporary impairments in immune function, such as cancer patients and transplant recipients, and may inform the use of preventative antibiotics that are routinely given to these patients.
Scientists from the National Human Genome Research Institute, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, and the National Cancer Institute contributed to this study.
This work was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health, the National Human Genome Research Institute, and the National Cancer Institute.
Image caption:
A patient with an eczema-like skin rash behind the knees as a result of primary immunodeficiency. Photo: The National Institutes of Health.
Media contacts:
The authors are available for more information by contacting the National Cancer Institute Press Office:
+1-301-496-6641
ncipressofficers@mail.nih.gov
Interested reporters may obtain copies of the manuscript via email from:
Peggy Calicchia
Administrative Assistant, Genome Research
calicchi@cshl.edu
+1-516-422-4012).
About the article:
The manuscript will be published online ahead of print on 29 October 2013. Its full citation is as follows:
Oh J, Freeman AF, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Park M, Sokolic R, Candotti F, Holland SM, Segre JA, and Kong HH. The altered landscape of the human skin microbiome in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. Genome Res doi: 10.1101/gr.159467.113
About Genome Research:
Launched in 1995, Genome Research (http://www.genome.org) is an international, continuously published, peer-reviewed journal that focuses on research that provides novel insights into the genome biology of all organisms, including advances in genomic medicine. Among the topics considered by the journal are genome structure and function, comparative genomics, molecular evolution, genome-scale quantitative and population genetics, proteomics, epigenomics, and systems biology. The journal also features exciting gene discoveries and reports of cutting-edge computational biology and high-throughput methodologies.
About Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press:
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press is an internationally renowned publisher of books, journals, and electronic media, located on Long Island, New York. Since 1933, it has furthered the advance and spread of scientific knowledge in all areas of genetics and molecular biology, including cancer biology, plant science, bioinformatics, and neurobiology. The Press is a division of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, an innovator in life science research and the education of scientists, students, and the public. For more information, visit our website at http://www.cshlpress.com
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