High adherence to antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is associated with a high level of protection from HIV acquisition by HIV-uninfected partners in heterosexual couples where only one of the partners is HIV positive, according to a study published in this week's PLOS Medicine.
The study, which was led by Jessica Haberer, from Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States, included 1,147 HIV-uninfected participants who were enrolled in three Ugandan sites of the Partners PrEP Study- a randomized controlled trial to determine efficacy and safety of PrEP. All participants had a partner who was HIV-positive. These participants were a convenience sample reflecting 66% of all participants in the study sites (they were not randomized as part of this substudy). They were actively monitored for adherence to antiretroviral drugs and received adherence counselling throughout the study, which was intensified if unannounced pill count adherence fell below 80%.
Several randomized controlled trials in various populations (i.e. men who have sex with men, women at high risk for HIV) have shown that PrEP has provided varying levels of protection against HIV infection. One possible explanation for this varying efficacy is differential adherence to the antiretroviral drugs. Within this substudy, where adherence to antiretroviral drugs was very high (99% by unannounced pill counts and 97% by electronic monitoring), only 14 individuals became HIV-positive during an average follow up of 11 months per participant, and all of these individuals were taking a placebo drug.
Although the study has some limitations, such as the non-randomized nature of the study and limitations inherent in any form of adherence monitoring, the findings indicate that the high level of PrEP adherence achieved in the setting of active adherence monitoring and counselling support was associated with a high level of protection from HIV acquisition by the HIV-uninfected partner in heterosexual serodiscordant couples.
The authors note, "These data provide further support that PrEP is highly efficacious at preventing HIV acquisition when it is taken."
The authors conclude, "Proper support and assessment of adherence will be critical for determining efficacy of PrEP outside of clinical trials. This data will be important for guiding ethical decisions about resource allocation for both prevention and treatment of HIV."
Funding: This study and the Partners PrEP Study were supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; grants 47674 and OOP52516). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: JEH is a member of the Editorial Board of PLOS One, and DRB is a member of the Editorial Board of PLOS Medicine. The other authors declare that no competing interests exist.
Citation: Haberer JE, Baeten JM, Campbell J, Wangisi J, Katabira E, et al. (2013) Adherence to Antiretroviral Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention: A Substudy Cohort within a Clinical Trial of Serodiscordant Couples in East Africa. PLoS Med 10(9): e1001511. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001511
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Contact:
Jessica E. Haberer
Massachusetts General Hospital
UNITED STATES
+1 617-724-0351
jhaberer@partners.org
Journal
PLoS Medicine