image: Important research has shed light on the prevalence of congenital anomalies. view more
Credit: US National Institutes of Health, <a target="_blank" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_Double_Helix.png">http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_Double_Helix.png</a>
New research, published today in The Lancet, highlights important information for health professionals and parents about the factors which may increase the likelihood of a baby being born with a birth defect.
The findings, from researchers at the Universities of Bradford and Leeds, funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), confirm that the two main factors associated with an increased risk of babies being born with a birth defect are being born to an older mother or to parents who are blood relations.
In addition, the research team was also able to confirm that socio-economic status (levels of deprivation) had no effect on the relative risk of birth defects, despite two-thirds of the mothers participating in the study coming from the most deprived fifth of the British population. The data also showed that higher levels of maternal education halved the risk of having a baby with a defect across all ethnic groups.
It has been known for some time that birth defects, also known as congenital anomalies, are a major cause of infant mortality and that their incidence varies across ethnic groups in the UK. Other studies in the last 20 years have considered consanguinity (marriage to a blood relation), as a cause of birth defects, but these studies weren't able to rule out other potential risk factors, particularly the effects of deprivation.
Geneticist and lead author Dr Eamonn Sheridan, from the University of Leeds, says: "It is important to note that the vast majority of babies born to couples who are blood relatives are absolutely fine, and whilst consanguineous marriage increases the risk of birth defect from 3% to 6%, the absolute risk is still small."
The study, funded by the NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) for Leeds, York and Bradford, and the largest of its type ever conducted, examined detailed information collected about more than 11,300 babies involved in the Born in Bradford (BiB) project, a unique long term study which is following the health of babies who were born in the city at the Bradford Royal Infirmary between 2007 and 2011. The research team found that the overall rate of birth defects in the BiB babies was approximately 3% - nearly double the national rate.
Each year, approximately 1.7% of babies in England and Wales are born with a birth defect (for example heart or lung problems or recognised Syndromes such as Down's), which may be life-limiting. These disorders occur as a result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, or because of damage done by infections such as rubella and cytomegalovirus.
While the BiB cohort includes a total of 43 different ethnicities, the largest ethnic groups were Pakistani (45%) and White British (just under 40%).
In the Pakistani subgroup, 77% of babies born with birth defects were to parents who were in consanguineous marriages. In the White British subgroup 19% of babies with an anomaly were born to mothers over the age of 34. Links between the age of mothers and the prevalence of birth defects are already well-established.
It is estimated that more than a billion people worldwide live in in communities where consanguineous marriage is commonplace.
The Bradford/Leeds study is the first that has been able to explore the potential causes of birth defects in a population where there are enough numbers in both consanguineous and non-consanguineous groups to reach reliable and statistically significant conclusions.
Professor Neil Small, co-author of the study from the University of Bradford, says: "The research is of particular importance to Bradford, because of the characteristics of its population. Half the babies born in the city's one maternity hospital have a parent whose family origins are in Pakistan. But the findings also have relevance to other areas of the UK and across the world in countries where consanguineous marriage is a cultural norm.
"In Bradford, there are initiatives that seek to raise community awareness and services such as genetic counselling and testing in place that can be accessed by couples who are married or considering marriage to a blood relative. It is not our intention to counsel couples about who they choose to marry. But we do want to ensure that couples are aware of any risks so that they can make informed choices when planning their families," says Professor Small.
For further information, photographs or to arrange interviews, please contact:
University of Bradford press office:
Emma Banks: Tel: +44 (0) 1274 236030, Email: press@bradford.ac.uk
For enquiries out of office hours, call +44 (0) 7879 437996
University of Leeds press office:
Ben Jones: Tel +44 (0)113 343 4031, Email pressoffice@leeds.ac.uk
Notes to editors
The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise showed the University of Leeds to be the UK's eighth biggest research powerhouse. The University is one of the largest higher education institutions in the UK and a member of the Russell Group of research-intensive universities.
The University's vision is to secure a place among the world's top 50 by 2015. http://www.leeds.ac.uk
University of Bradford
Founded in 1966, the University of Bradford is one of the UK's 'traditional' universities. It is a research-active institution, with over 80 per cent of our research being rated as either 'international' or 'world-leading' in the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). The University was ranked No 1 for Graduate Employment in the North of England and placed within the top ten in the UK by the Sunday Times University Guide 2013.
Known for its strong emphasis on employability skills and knowledge transfer work with businesses, the University has a truly global make up with over 20 per cent of its student population being international. The University is also a leader in sustainable development and education, and is within the top ten greenest universities in the UK, according to the Green League 2013.
National Institute for Health Research
The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) is funded by the Department of Health to improve the health and wealth of the nation through research. Since its establishment in April 2006, the NIHR has transformed research in the NHS. It has increased the volume of applied health research for the benefit of patients and the public, driven faster translation of basic science discoveries into tangible benefits for patients and the economy, and developed and supported the people who conduct and contribute to applied health research. The NIHR plays a key role in the Government's strategy for economic growth, attracting investment by the life-sciences industries through its world-class infrastructure for health research. Together, the NIHR people, programmes, centres of excellence and systems represent the most integrated health research system in the world. For further information, visit the NIHR website.
This particular Born in Bradford project was supported by the NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) for Leeds, York and Bradford. The views expressed in this news release are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.
Journal
The Lancet