Transparent information on the evidence supporting global recommendations on paediatric medicines should be easily accessible in order to help policy makers decides on what drugs to include in their national drug lists, according to international experts from Ghana and the UK writing in this week's PLOS Medicine.
The authors, led by David Sinclair from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, report the experiences of the Ghana National Drugs Programme as it reviewed the international evidence base for five priority paediatric medicines* in order to decide whether or not to include them in Ghana's essential medicines list.
According to the authors, applying the global recommendations to Ghana was not straightforward for any of the five medicines, despite high quality evidence of important clinical benefits, because of the unproven effect of the drugs in African settings and the scant information on cost effectiveness and the supply chain.
After the authors did their own review of the evidence on the effectiveness of these medicines to the situation and context of Ghana, they decided to include only four out of the five medicines in the national essential medicines list.
They say: "This project demonstrates why global recommendations should be presented alongside transparent descriptions of the evidence base, allowing policy makers to identify where, when, and how the interventions have been evaluated, and any factors limiting wider applicability."
The authors argue: "In addition, for interventions where feasibility and affordability are likely to vary from setting to setting, the World Health Organization could further assist national decision-makers by providing implementation guidance on the assessment of health system implications, training and education requirements, and country level cost analyses."
They conclude: "As many policy questions are relevant across sub-Saharan Africa, and policy makers are likely to encounter recurrent problems, we encourage regional collaboration on health technology assessment, and sharing of information and resources."
*oral zinc sulphate for acute diarrhoea, injectable artesunate for severe malaria, topical chlorhexidine for preventing neonatal cord sepsis, dispersible oral amoxicillin for community acquired pneumonia, and oral and injectable caffeine citrate for neonatal apnoea.
Funding: This project was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through the Better Medicines for Children Project co-ordinated by the World Health Organization. DS and PG receive funding from the UK Department for International Development via the Effective Healthcare Research Consortium. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: PG is Director of Evidence Building and Synthesis Research Consortium that receives money to increase the number of evidence-informed decisions by intermediary organizations, including WHO and national decision makers that benefit the poor in middle and low income countries. DS is employed as part of this Consortium. PG is the co-ordinator of a WHO Collaborating Centre for Evidence Synthesis for Infectious and Tropical Diseases (http://apps.who.int/whocc/default.aspx; UNK234): one of the Centre's aims is to help WHO in its role as an infomediary in communicating reliable summaries of research evidence to policy makers, clinicians, teachers and the public in developing countries. MG, BA and AK work at the Ghana National Drugs Programme and coordinated the national drug selection process for 2010. EA works with the World Health Organization country office in Ghana and collaborates with the Ministry of Health on issues of Medicines Policy Development and supports implementation of medicines policies.
Citation: Sinclair D, Gyansa-Lutterodt M, Asare B, Koduah A, Andrews E, et al. (2013) Integrating Global and National Knowledge to Select Medicines for Children: The Ghana National Drugs Programme. PLoS Med 10(5):e1001449. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001449
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Contact:
David Sinclair
Clinical Lecturer
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Clinical Sciences
Pembroke Place
Liverpool, L35QA
UNITED KINGDOM
00447761302193
sinclad@liverpool.ac.uk
Journal
PLoS Medicine