image: Dr. Joshua Plotnik from Think Elephants International studies the elephants in the Golden Triangle of Northern Thailand. view more
Credit: Think Elephants International
New York City, April 17, 2013—Think Elephants International, a not-for-profit organization that strives to promote elephant conservation through scientific research, education programming and international collaborations, today announced its latest study, "Visual Cues Given by Humans are Not Sufficient for Asian Elephants (Elephas Maximus) to Find Hidden Food." This study has been published in the April 17, 2013 issue of PLOS ONE, an international publication that reports original research from all disciplines within science and medicine. Designed in collaboration with and co-authored by 12-14 year old students from East Side Middle School in NYC, the study revealed that elephants were not able to recognize visual cues provided by humans, although they were more responsive to vocal commands. These findings may directly impact protocols for future efforts to conserve elephants, which are in danger of extinction in this century due to increased poaching and human/elephant conflict.
The publication of this paper is the climax of a three-year endeavor to create a comprehensive middle school curriculum that brings elephants into classrooms as a way to educate young people about conservation by getting them directly involved in work with endangered species. This research tested whether elephants could follow visual, social cues (pointing and gazing) to find food hidden in one of two buckets. The elephants failed at this task, but were able to follow vocal commands telling them which bucket contained the food. These results suggest that elephants may navigate their physical world in ways that primates and dogs, prior subjects of animal cognition studies, do not.
"Dogs have a great sense of smell, but appear to be able to follow human pointing as a way of finding food," said Joshua Plotnik, PhD, founder and CEO of Think Elephants. "Perhaps elephants' sense of smell is one of their primary sensory modalities, meaning that they may use it preferentially when navigating their physical worlds."
In the field of animal cognition, there has been considerable attention focused on how animals interact with each other and humans. Particularly, there is a lot of interest in how dogs are able to read social cues to understand what people see, know or want. Remarkably, non-human primates such as chimpanzees are not good at this, suggesting it may be that through domestication or long-term human contact, dogs have developed a capacity for following social cues provided by people. Think Elephants aimed to test elephants on this because they are a wild, non-domesticated species that, in captivity in Thailand, are in relatively constant contact with humans.
The study's findings have important implications for future protection protocols for wild elephants.
According to Dr. Plotnik, "If elephants are not primarily using sight to navigate their natural environment, human-elephant conflict mitigation techniques must consider what elephants' main sensory modalities are and how elephants think so that they might be attracted or deterred effectively as a situation requires. The loss of natural habitat, poaching for ivory, and human-elephant conflict are serious threats to the sustainability of elephants in the wild. Put simply, we will be without elephants, and many other species in the wild, in less than 50 years if the world does not act."
To mitigate this, Dr. Plotnik suggests further attention to research on elephant behavior and an increase in educational programming are needed, particularly in Asia where the market for ivory is so strong. Think Elephants' education program in NYC is a pilot that will be expanding to Thai schools later in 2013.
The students were integrally involved in the development of this study, even helping to design some of the experimental control conditions. The study was carried out at Think Elephants' field site in northern Thailand, and students participated via webcam conversation and direct web-links to the elephant camp.
This shows that collaborations that include both academics and young students can be productive, informative and exciting.
According to Jen Pokorny, PhD, Think Elephants' head of education programs, "We are so proud of our pilot program with East Side Middle School and hope to use this as a model for other schools throughout the state and country. This wonderful group of students had an opportunity that very few young people have and, as a result, are now published co-authors on a significant piece of animal behavior research. They were integrally involved in the development of the study, even helping to design some of the experimental control conditions. Think Elephants is committed to showcasing these productive, informative and exciting student collaborations, and we believe similar studies can help to change the way in which young people observe and appreciate their global environment."
Please click here for access to the study. The work was authored by Joshua M. Plotnik1,2,3*, Jennifer J. Pokorny2,4, Titiporn Keratimanochaya3, Christine Webb2,5, Hana F. Beronja6, Alice Hennessy6, James Hill6, Virginia J. Hill6, Rebecca Kiss6, Caitlin Maguire6, Beckett L. Melville6, Violet M.B. Morrison6, Dannah Seecoomar6, Benjamin Singer6, Jehona Ukehaxhaj6, Sophia K. Vlahakis6, Dora Ylli6, Nicola S. Clayton1, John Roberts3, Emilie L. Fure6, Alicia P. Duchatelier6 and David Getz6
1 - Dept. of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
2 - Think Elephants International, Stone Ridge, NY, U.S.A.
3 - Golden Triangle Asian Elephant Foundation, Chiang Saen, Chiang Rai, Thailand
4 - Center for Mind and Brain, UC-Davis, Davis, CA, U.S.A.
5 - Dept. of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, U.S.A.
6 - M.S. 114, East Side Middle School, New York, NY, U.S.A.
About Think Elephants
Think Elephants International strives to promote elephant conservation through scientific research, education programming and international collaborations. TEI operates by enlisting the expertise of scientists and educators working in diverse fields who are committed to the conservation of elephants and other animals through (1) scientific research intended to aid in conservation efforts of elephants and other wildlife, (2) pre-college education programs designed to expose the next generation to a variety of animal behavior and environmental conservation careers and topics, (3) in-situ conservation programs and (4) partnership with other conservation organizations designed to collaboratively tackle conservation issues. TEI is committed to using elephants as a conduit toward a broader understanding of and appreciation for wildlife conservation issues. Think Elephants International is a 501(c)3 non-profit foundation incorporated in the U.S. State of New York. All donations are tax deductible to the fullest extent of U.S. law. If you are interested in making a donation, please do so through PayPal or by contacting us via the Get in Touch page on ThinkElephants.org.
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Journal
PLoS ONE