image: This is Dr. Jeannie P. Cimiotti. view more
Credit: University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, each year nearly 100,000 hospitalized patients die from infections acquired while undergoing treatment for other conditions. While many factors may contribute to the phenomenon, nurse staffing (i.e., the number of patients assigned to a nurse) has been implicated as a major cause.
A recent study by Dr. Jeannie P. Cimiotti of Rutgers College of Nursing and co-researchers concludes that the degree of "burnout" experienced by nurses could relate directly to the frequency with which patients acquire infections during hospital stays. Focusing exclusively on urinary tract and surgical site infections, the researchers found that while a significant correlation existed between the occurrence of such infections and the number of patients assigned to nurses, nurse staffing became less of a factor after accounting for nurse burnout.
From a sample of 161 acute care hospitals in Pennsylvania and an average of 45 nurses working at each sampled hospital, Cimiotti and her team measured nurse burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey. According to Maslach's theory, a critical component of burnout in nurses and other health care professionals is "emotional exhaustion." Emotional exhaustion is associated with emotional and cognitive detachment from work as a mechanism for coping with the demands and responsibilities of the job.
"We hypothesize that the cognitive detachment associated with high levels of burnout may result in inadequate hand hygiene practices and lapses in other infection control procedures among registered nurses," the researchers suggest. The researchers found that every 10 percent increase in burned-out nurses in an acute care hospital increases the rate of urinary tract infections by nearly one per 1,000 patients and increases the rate of surgical site infections by more than two per 1,000 patients.
"These findings are both statistically and clinically significant," the researchers posit. "If the proportion of nurses with high burnout could be reduced to 10 percent from the average 30 percent, some 4,160 infections would be prevented …, leading to an estimated savings of $41 million." Not to mention the saving of many lives.
To reduce nurse burnout, the researchers recommend the implementation of organizational changes that effectively build job engagement. Examples include educational interventions, performance feedback, and social support.
This study is quite significant since in represents the first time nurse burnout has been associated with secondary infections. Since its publication in the American Journal of Infection Control (AJIC), AJIC's media tracker has traced more than 42 stories and 223 million impressions to the publication. Articles citing the study have appeared in USA Today, Daily Mail, NBCNews.com, The Philadelphia Inquirer, HealthLeaders Media, WTOP-FM, HealthDay, and Nurse.com, among others.
In addition to Cimiotti, the research team included Drs. Linda H. Aiken, Douglas M. Sloane, and Evan S. Wu, each from the Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing. The research was supported by funding from the National Institute of Nursing Research--National Institutes of Health.
Cimiotti is an associate professor at Rutgers College of Nursing and the executive director of the New Jersey Collaborating Center for Nursing. She came to Rutgers in 2011 from the University of Pennsylvania where she served as a senior fellow at the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics and a member of the research team at the Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research. Clinically trained as a pediatric nurse, Cimiotti's research interests focus on nurse workforce factors and the quality of patient care in the hospital setting for adult and pediatric clients. Of her many degrees, Cimiotti received her doctor of nursing science from Columbia University, her master of science in nursing from Rutgers University, Newark, and her bachelor of science in nursing from the University of the State of New York in Albany.
ABOUT THE COLLEGE OF NURSING AT RUTGERS UNIVERSITY
The Rutgers College of Nursing is recognized as one of the finest nursing schools in the nation. Formed in 1956, the college is accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education and has campuses in Newark and New Brunswick. It offers generic, accelerated and baccalaureate programs ranging from bachelor of science to doctoral degrees (doctor of nursing practice and doctor of philosophy). Faculty and students participate in many federally funded research programs aimed at promoting healthy living among the state's diverse populations, and improving the practice of nursing nationally. For more information about the Rutgers College of Nursing and its programs, visit https://nursing.rutgers.edu.
Journal
American Journal of Infection Control