SAN FRANCISCO, May 22 – Intensive care units (ICUs) that have no or limited access to critical care doctors during the day can improve patient outcomes by having the specialists, called intensivists, staff the unit at night, according to a study led by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC. However, the researchers were unable to find any incremental benefit of nighttime staffing in ICUs that were robustly staffed with the specialists during the day. The findings were published online today in the New England Journal of Medicine to coincide with the research team's presentation at the annual meeting of the American Thoracic Society in San Francisco.
Research has shown that daytime staffing with intensivists improves ICU patient outcomes, noted senior author Jeremy M. Kahn, M.D., associate professor, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Pitt School of Medicine. But fewer than half of all ICUs in the U.S. are manned by intensivists, while many large medical centers, particularly teaching hospitals such as UPMC, have adopted not only intensivist staffing but have extended it to a 24-hour intensivist staffing model.
"Intuition would suggest that that round-the-clock attention from an expert trained in critical care medicine would be of even greater benefit to these very ill patients," Dr. Kahn said. "But until this project, no one had carefully examined whether that assumption would hold true. As it turns out, having some access to intensivists, who are in great demand, is the key to better outcomes. Round-the-clock intensivist staffing is only helpful in some ICUs."
The research team reviewed admission details between 2009 and 2010 from 34 community and academic hospitals that use the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation clinical information system, a database that collects details of patient outcomes as well as ICU staffing primarily for internal quality control monitoring. The researchers sent follow-up surveys to those hospitals and received responses from 25, which included 49 ICUs and nearly 66,000 patient admissions.
Dr. Kahn and his colleagues found that patient mortality was lower in ICUs where an intensivist was available at night only if there was no intensivist heavily involved in care during the day. In ICUs where intensivists were on duty during the day, mortality was unaffected by the presence of intensivists at night.
"There is a huge opportunity to improve survival rates in some ICUs by bringing an intensivist on board at night," Dr. Kahn said. "However, there aren't enough of us to staff all the ICUs that need intensivists, so hospitals with a strong intensivist presence during the day – like most academic medical centers – should consider whether additional intensivist coverage is needed at night."
The study team includes David J. Wallace, M.D., M.P.H., Derek C. Angus, M.D., M.P.H., and Amber E. Barnato, M.D., M.P.H., all of Pitt's Department of Critical Care Medicine; and Andrew A. Kramer, Ph.D., of Kansas City, Mo.-based Cerner. The project was funded by grants K23-HL096651 and T32-HL07820 of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health.
About the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
As one of the nation's leading academic centers for biomedical research, the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine integrates advanced technology with basic science across a broad range of disciplines in a continuous quest to harness the power of new knowledge and improve the human condition. Driven mainly by the School of Medicine and its affiliates, Pitt has ranked among the top 10 recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health since 1997. In rankings recently released by the National Science Foundation, Pitt ranked fifth among all American universities in total federal science and engineering research and development support.
Likewise, the School of Medicine is equally committed to advancing the quality and strength of its medical and graduate education programs, for which it is recognized as an innovative leader, and to training highly skilled, compassionate clinicians and creative scientists well-equipped to engage in world-class research. The School of Medicine is the academic partner of UPMC, which has collaborated with the University to raise the standard of medical excellence in Pittsburgh and to position health care as a driving force behind the region's
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Journal
New England Journal of Medicine