WASHINGTON -- Targeted therapies have been studied for years, but recent laboratory research is providing robust clues about drugs that might work better in combination, particularly in treating cancers that have become resistant to therapy. That kind of information is behind a novel clinical trial at Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center that combines cetuximab and lapatinib. Findings from this phase I study will be presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology annual meeting in Chicago, June 1st through 5th.
Cetuximab works by blocking the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) found on the outside of a cell. In cancers such as colon, head and neck, and lung, when cetuximab stops EGFR signaling, the machinery inside the cell doesn't get the signal to grow, in turn causing it to die. However, cancer cells can become resistant to cetuximab when the EGFR receptor combines with a related receptor HER2 (ErbB2) -- which cetuximab can't block. Once again, the cell gets the signal to grow. Lapatinib however blocks HER2 and EGFR from the inside of cancer cells.
"Cancer cells are good at developing ways around our treatments, including new targeted therapies such as cetuximab." says John Deeken, M.D., a medical oncologist at Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center. "By combining different targeted therapies, we hope to be able to overcome such resistance and turn off the cancer cell signal to grow."
Deeken, an expert in how cells metabolize or process drugs, took the information learned from these recent pre-clinical studies and designed a novel clinical trial – combining cetuximab, which blocks EGFR, with lapatinib which works inside the cell and shuts down HER2. GlaxoSmithKline provided lapatinib for the study and additional financial support for the study.
Cetuximab, marketed as Erbitux, has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer. Lapatinib, marketed as Tykerb, is FDA-approved for the treatment of some types of breast cancer.
Sixteen patients whose tumors are driven by EGFR were enrolled in the study and received the established dose of cetuximab (intravenously once a week). Lapitinib, a drug taken orally on a daily basis, was given in escalating doses. Twelve of thirteen patients were evaluable for toxicities (side effects). The most common side effects of the combination were rash and diarrhea, both of which can be managed with supportive medications and care.
"While this study isn't designed to evaluate whether or not this combination of drugs works, we have seen some positive signs of clinical activity," Deeken says.
Of nine patients evaluable for response (completed at least two cycles of treatment), two had a partial response (more than 30 percent tumor shrinkage),and two had prolonged stable disease of 2 cycles or more, for a clinical benefit rate of 44 percent.
Phase II studies to test this combination in colon as well as head and neck cancer patients are under development, Deeken says.
In addition to Deeken, other investigators from the Lombardi Phase I/Developmental Therapeutics Program involved in the study include Hongkun Wang, Ph.D., Jimmy Hwang, M.D., John Marshall, M.D., Deepa Subramaniam, M.D., Aiwu Ruth He, M.D., Ph.D., Louis M. Weiner, M.D., Rosemarie Hardesty, R.N., Ken Steadman, Michael J. Pishvaian, M.D., Ph.D. None of the authors report personal financial interests related to the study.
About Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center
Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, part of Georgetown University Medical Center and MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, seeks to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer through innovative basic and clinical research, patient care, community education and outreach, and the training of cancer specialists of the future. Georgetown Lombardi is one of only 40 comprehensive cancer centers in the nation, as designated by the National Cancer Institute, and the only one in the Washington, DC, area. For more information, go to http://lombardi.georgetown.edu.
About Georgetown University Medical Center
Georgetown University Medical Center is an internationally recognized academic medical center with a three-part mission of research, teaching and patient care (through MedStar Health). GUMC's mission is carried out with a strong emphasis on public service and a dedication to the Catholic, Jesuit principle of cura personalis -- or "care of the whole person." The Medical Center includes the School of Medicine and the School of Nursing & Health Studies, both nationally ranked; Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, designated as a comprehensive cancer center by the National Cancer Institute; and the Biomedical Graduate Research Organization (BGRO), which accounts for the majority of externally funded research at GUMC including a Clinical Translation and Science Award from the National Institutes of Health. In fiscal year 2010-11, GUMC accounted for 85 percent of the university's sponsored research funding.