Canadian police agencies suppressing data on race, says criminology study

While only 20 per cent of Canada's police forces have an explicit policy against reporting the race of victims and accused persons, University of Toronto and Nipissing criminologists show that the majority of police departments do not report race in practice.

The study, by Akwasi Owusu-Bempah, a PhD candidate at the University of Toronto's Centre for Criminology, and Paul Millar, an associate professor at Nipissing University's School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, is entitled "Whitewashing Criminal Justice in Canada: Preventing Research through Data Suppression", and appears in the Canadian Journal of Law and Society on Wednesday, February 1, 2012.

It is important to understand the role of race in policing as recent studies show that blacks are over-represented in local police stops in Canada and Aboriginals are over-represented in Canadian prisons. Part of the explanation for over-representation, the authors write, is that these minorities are often situated in positions of social disadvantage, putting them at greater risk of involvement in crime as both victims and perpetrators. But differential treatment by police and others aspects of criminal justice is an important factor as well.

"If we are serious about reducing racism and making our law responsive to behaviour instead of personal characteristics, we must systematically collect data on race," said Millar, lead author of the study.

"Suppressing race statistics makes quantitative anti-racism research impossible. Further, failure to collect data does not prevent racial profiling. Stigmatization may still occur but without public knowledge of it," the authors write.

The researchers found that where race is reported it is often done so inconsistently. For example, some surveys may explicitly identify Aboriginal while others identify only "visible minority". Visible minority is not a useful category because it combines racial groups that are over-represented in the criminal justice system with others that are under-represented, thus obscuring problems involving race.

The authors evaluated available data on victims and accused persons in Canada including Statistics Canada surveys and country-wide surveys of police-reported crime. The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) survey, which has been responded to by all police services in Canada since 1962 (with the exception of a few Aboriginal police detachments), does not include race. The Uniform Crime Reporting Incident-based survey records no race other than Aboriginal origin. Finally, for the homicide survey which has been collected on murder since 1961, no race is recorded other than Aboriginal origin. The authors note that while Aboriginal is an important category – arguably the most important in Canada – there may be some jurisdictions, such as Halifax or Toronto where other categories, such as black, may be of more interest.

"Information on race is essential for the equitable provision of policing services and for the development of police policy," said Owusu-Bempah.

Millar and Owusu-Bempah argue transparency is key to better relationships between the police and the communities they serve. "Police agencies in this country spend millions of dollars a year on initiatives to improve relations with racialized communities and to reduce racial discrimination within policing. Without adequate information about the racial background of individuals who come into contact with, or are dealt with by the police, these initiatives cannot be accurately developed or evaluated for effectiveness," said Owusu-Bempah.

Paul Millar
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice
Nipissing University
paulmi@nipissingu.ca
705-474-3450 ext 4022

Akwasi Owusu-Bempah
Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies
University of Toronto
a.o.bempah@utoronto.ca
416-978-7124 ext 240

Kim Luke
Communications, Faculty of Arts & Science
University of Toronto
Kim.luke@utoronto.ca
416-978-4352