Rapid evolution in domestic animals sheds light on the genetic changes underlying evolution

A new study describes how a complex genomic rearrangement causes a fascinating phenotype in chickens in which a massive expansion of pigment cells not only makes the skin and comb black, but also results in black internal organs. Published in PLoS Genetics, researchers at Uppsala University, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, North Carolina State University, and National Chung-Hsing University investigated the genetic basis of fibromelanosis, a breed characteristic of the Chinese Silkie chicken.

"We have shown that the genetic change causing fibromelanosis is a complex rearrangement that leads to increased expression of Endothelin 3, a gene known for promoting the growth of pigment cells," explains Ben Dorshorst, one of the authors.

The genetic changes underlying the evolution of new species are still poorly understood. For instance, we know little about critical changes that have happened during human evolution. Genetic studies in domestic animals can shed light on this process due to the rapid evolution they have undergone over the last 10,000 years.

The research group, led by Leif Andersson, has characterized a number of traits in domestic animals, and a clear trend is emerging: genomic rearrangements have contributed significantly to the rapid evolution of domestic animals.

"We have good reason to believe that such rearrangements have also played a significant role in the evolution of other species, including ourselves," concludes Leif Andersson.

FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The project was funded by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, the Swedish Research Council, and the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences, and Spatial Planning. AMJ received funding from the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry (KSLA) to support collection of Swedish chicken breed samples. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

CITATION: Dorshorst B, Molin A-M, Rubin C-J, Johansson AM, Stro¨ mstedt L, et al. (2011) A Complex Genomic Rearrangement Involving the Endothelin 3 Locus Causes Dermal Hyperpigmentation in the Chicken. PLoS Genet 7(12): e1002412. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002412

CONTACT: Professor Leif Andersson, Department of Medical biochemistry and microbiology, Uppsala university, phone: 46-18-471 4904, 46-70-514 4904, e-post: Leif.Andersson@imbim.uu.se

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