Cosmic explosion is new candidate for most distant object in the universe

A gamma-ray burst detected by NASA's Swift satellite in April 2009 has been newly unveiled as a candidate for the most distant object in the universe. At an estimated distance of 13.14 billion light years, the burst lies far beyond any known quasar and could be more distant than any previously known galaxy or gamma-ray burst. Multiple lines of evidence in favor of a record-breaking distance for this burst, known as GRB 090429B for the 29 April 2009 date when it was discovered, are presented in a paper by an international team of astronomers led by former Penn State University graduate student Antonino Cucchiara, now at the University of California, Berkeley. The paper has been accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal.

The gigantic burst of gamma rays erupted from an exploding star when the universe was less than 4% of its present age, just 520 million years old, and less than 10% of its present size. "The galaxy hosting the progenitor star of GRB 090429B was truly one of the first galaxies in the universe," said Derek Fox, associate professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Penn State and a co-author of the paper. "Beyond the possible cosmic distance record, GRB 090429B illustrates how gamma-ray bursts can be used to reveal the locations of massive stars in the early universe and to track the processes of early galaxy and star formation that eventually led to the galaxy-rich cosmos we see around us today."

Gamma-ray bursts, the brightest explosions known, occur somewhere within the observable universe at a rate of about two per day. Thanks to their extreme brightness, gamma-ray bursts can be detected by Swift and other satellite observatories even when they occur at distances of billions of light years. While the bursts themselves last for minutes at most, their fading "afterglow" light remains observable from premier astronomical facilities for days to weeks. Detailed studies of the afterglow during this time, when feasible, allow astronomers to measure the distance to the burst.

These afterglow measurements were used to determine a cosmic distance record in 2009 for an earlier gamma-ray burst, GRB 090423 at a distance of 13.04 billion light years from Earth, making it temporarily the "most distant object in the universe." This record was surpassed by galaxy discoveries in 2010 and 2011 that pushed the cosmic frontier out to 13.07 billion light years, and potentially even further. "Our extreme estimate of the distance to GRB 090429B makes this a sort of 'revenge of the bursts,'" said Cucchiara. "A gamma-ray burst is once more contending for the title of most distant object in the cosmos -- beyond the previously known most-distant quasars and galaxies."

Less than a week after the record-setting GRB 090423 made headlines around the world, this new burst, GRB 090429B, appeared in the sky with suspiciously similar properties. As with the previous burst, GRB 090429B was a short-lived event, lasting less than 10 seconds, and automated Swift observations showed it to have a relatively faint X-ray afterglow. Cucchiara, then a graduate student at Penn State, woke up in the early morning hours to direct observations at the Gemini North telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, that he hoped would pin down the nature of this burst. Working with coauthors Andrew Levan of the University of Warwick, Nial Tanvir of the University of Leicester, and thesis supervisor Derek Fox of Penn State, Cucchiara found that, while the afterglow was visible in infrared observations, no optical light could be detected. This "drop out" behavior is a distinctive signature of the most-distant objects, and has been used for initial identification of all of the most-distant quasars, galaxies, and gamma-ray bursts.

Cucchiara requested an immediate spectrum of the GRB 090429B afterglow from the Gemini operators, which would have provided a definitive measurement of the distance to the burst. Unfortunately, just as the spectrum was about to be taken, clouds blew in over the summit of Mauna Kea and hid the afterglow from sight. By the next night, the afterglow was too faint to yield a useful spectrum, and over the following nights it faded from view completely. "It was frustrating to lose sight of this burst, but the hints we had were so exciting there was no chance of us letting it go," said Cucchiara, who presented an initial study of the burst as part of his doctoral thesis at Penn State.

Determined not to let GRB 090429B become "the burst that got away," the team spent two years carrying out a careful examination of their data to see if the burst is truly a candidate record-breaker, or might be a partially-obscured burst in a galaxy at a less dramatic distance. Importantly, this work has meant gathering new data -- deep observations with Gemini and the Hubble Space Telescope that would have revealed a galaxy at the burst position in any of the less-dramatic scenarios. This evidence, including the missing galaxy, indicates that the burst is extremely likely -- a 99.3-percent chance -- to be the most distant cosmic explosion, beyond the record set by GRB 090423. "Like the best politicians or talent-show contestants, the more we examined this burst, the better it looked," says Levan, the paper's second author.

Whether GRB 090429B is now the most distant object in the universe depends on several factors which are not precisely known. First, it must lie beyond the 13.07-billion-light-year distance to a galaxy reported in 2010 by a team of astronomers led by Matthew Lehnert at the Observatoire de Paris. This is very likely to be the case, at 98.9% probability, but is not certain. It also has to lie beyond the distance of a galaxy reported in 2011 by a team of astronomers led by Rychard Bouwens of U.C. Santa Cruz. This could be either easy or hard: The Bouwens team estimates that there is a 20% chance their galaxy is not a record breaker at all, but simply a faint galaxy at a relatively modest distance; on the other hand, if the Bouwens galaxy is a record-breaker, it is very distant indeed, from 13.11 to 13.28 billion light years away, and there is only a 4.8% chance that GRB 090429B is more distant than that. Overall, and treating these uncertainties as perfectly understood, there is a 23% chance that GRB 090429B is now the most distant known object in the Universe, the astronomers said.

With better luck, or more advanced facilities, it should be possible in the future to use the bright afterglows of bursts like GRB 090423 and GRB 090429B to explore the conditions of star and galaxy formation at these early cosmic epochs in detail. "Discovering extremely distant bursts is pretty fun," says Fox, "but we suspect there is a whole lot more information in the bursts, waiting for us, that we have yet to access."

IMAGES and ANIMATION
Images and an animation associated with this research are online at http://www.science.psu.edu/news-and-events/2011-news/Fox5-2011.

SCIENCE CONTACTS
-- Antonino Cucchiara: acucchiara@lbl.gov, cell at AAS conference (+1) 814 777 3935
-- Derek Fox: dbf11@psu.edu, cell at AAS conference (+1) 814 404 2630, office (+1) 814 863 4989
-- Edo Berger cell at AAS conference (+1) 617 335 7963
-- Neil Gehrels (Chief of the Astroparticle Physics Laboratory and Swift principal investigator at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center): (+1) 301 286 6546, gehrels@gsfc.nasa.gov

P.I.O. CONTACTS
-- Barbara K. Kennedy (Penn State PIO): cell at AAS conference (+1) 814 883-6930, (+1) 814 863 4682, science@psu.edu
-- Lynn Cominsky (Swift PIO): (+1) 707 664 2655, lynnc@universe.sonoma.edu

MORE INFORMATION ABOUT GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
written by Derek Fox, the mission scientist for the proposed JANUS observatory

Gamma-ray bursts like GRB 090429B are convincingly explained as originating with the death of a massive, short-lived star, 30 or more times the mass of our Sun, when exhaustion of the nuclear fuel in its core regions causes the core to collapse into a black hole. As the newly-formed black hole consumes gas from the star's outer layers, it emits two powerful jets that erupt from the star's surface, accelerate to speeds very near the speed of light, and power a beamed and highly-luminous burst of high-energy emission -- the gamma-ray burst.

At an estimated distance of 13.14 billion light years, GRB 090429B exploded when the universe was less than 4% of its present age, just 520 million years old, and less than 10% of its present size. Astronomers argue that the very first stars and galaxies could not possibly have formed more than 400 million years prior to this, and so the galaxy hosting the progenitor star of GRB 090429B was truly one of the first galaxies in the universe. Beyond the possible cosmic distance record, then, demonstration of this burst as a possible record-breaker illustrates how gamma-ray bursts can be used to reveal the locations of massive stars in the early universe and to track the processes of the formation of galaxies and stars, which eventually led to the galaxy-rich cosmos we see around us today.

With better luck, or more-advanced facilities, it should be possible in the future to use the bright afterglows of bursts like GRB 090423 and GRB 090429B to explore the conditions of star and galaxy formation at these early cosmic epochs in detail. NASA's forthcoming James Webb Space Telescope, due to launch in 2017, has been carefully engineered for studies of the early universe, and an afterglow spectrum from this facility would be a unique and valuable source of data for understanding the first galaxies and the various processes guiding their formation.

Making discovery and exploitation of the most-distant bursts significantly more efficient likely will require a next-generation mission. To this end, Penn State has partnered with the Southwest Research Institute, Cornell University, and other institutions to propose the JANUS explorer to NASA, with a target launch date in early 2017. By discovering and observing the most-distant gamma-ray bursts and quasars, and by measuring their distances autonomously without the need for follow-up observations, JANUS would provide a steady stream of rewarding targets to James Webb and ground-based telescopes. The most exciting prospect, according to Fox, is to imagine JANUS and James Webb working together in space. Nothing else illuminates conditions in the early universe like its "brightest lights," the gamma-ray bursts and quasars.

CITATION AND PREPRINT
"A Photometric Redshift of z~9.4 for GRB 090429B," Cucchiara et al. 2011, Astrophysical Journal, in press. The paper will be posted online to the preprint server Arxiv.org on 25 May 2011. Search <http://arxiv.org> for the title of the paper, " A Photometric Redshift of z~9.4 for GRB 090429B."

AUTHORS
Antonino Cucchiara (Penn State, UC Berkeley and LBNL), Andrew Levan (U. Warwick, UK), Derek Fox (Penn State), Nial Tanvir (U. Leicester, UK), T. N. Ukwatta (GWU and NASA Goddard), Edo Berger (Harvard), T. Krühler (MPE, Germany and U. München, Germany), A. Küpcü Yoldas (ESO, Germany and U. Cambridge, UK), X. F. Wu (Penn State and Purple Mountain Obs., China), K. Toma (Penn State), Jochen Greiner (MPE, Germany), F. Olivares E. (MPE, Germany), A. Rowlinson (U. Leicester, UK), L. Amati (INAF Bologna, Italy), Taka Sakamoto (NASA Goddard), Kathy Roth (Gemini), Andrew Stephens (Gemini), Johan Fynbo (Dark Centre, Denmark), Jens Hjorth (Dark Centre, Denmark), D. Malesani (Dark Centre, Denmark), Pall Jakobsson (U. Iceland, Iceland), K. Wiersema (U. Leicester, UK), Paul O'Brien (U. Leicester, UK), Alicia Soderberg (Harvard), Ryan Foley (Harvard), Andrew Fruchter (STScI), James Rhoads (STScI), Robert Rutledge (McGill U., Canada), Brian Schmidt (ANU, Australia), Mark Dopita (ANU, Australia), Philip Podsaidlowski (Oxford U., UK), Richard Willingale (U. Leicester, UK), Cristian Wolf (Oxford U., UK), Shri Kulkarni (Caltech), and Paula D'Avanzo (INAF Brera, Italy).

PAPERS REFERENCED
-- "A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z~8.2," N. R. Tanvir et al., 2009, Nature, 461, 1254-1257.
-- "Spectroscopic confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6," M. D. Lehnert et al., 2010, Nature, 467, 940-942.
-- "A candidate redshift z≈10 galaxy and rapid changes in that population at an age of 500Myr," R. J. Bouwens et al., 2011, Nature, 469, 504-507.
-- "GRB090423 at a redshift of z~8.1", R. Salvaterra et al., 2009, Nature, 461 1258-1260.

OTHER INFORMATION
-- Constellation: Canes Venatici
-- Wikipedia entry on "Most distant astronomical objects:" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_distant_astronomical_objects

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