image: Dr. Samir Taoudi from the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute in Melbourne, Australia, has identified a key gene involved in blood stem cells' unique ability to self-renew. view more
Credit: Czesia Markiewicz, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute.
Scientists from the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute have begun to unravel how blood stem cells regenerate themselves, identifying a key gene required for the process.
The discovery that the Erg gene is vitally important to blood stem cells' unique ability to self-renew could give scientists new opportunities to use blood stem cells for tissue repair, transplantation and other therapeutic applications.
Professor Doug Hilton, Dr Samir Taoudi and colleagues from the institute's Molecular Medicine and Cancer and Haematology divisions led the study. Dr Taoudi said the research aimed to understand how blood stem cells are made.
"One of the key features of blood stem cells, one that could be exploited for therapeutic use, is their ability to regenerate or renew themselves," Dr Taoudi said. "However, relatively little is known about how this occurs, or the molecular pathways that specifically control regeneration."
Blood stem cells are required to produce and maintain the blood system throughout an organism's lifetime. They are multipotent cells, meaning they are able to form any cell of the blood system (but not other cells), and they self-renew, so they are a source of endless supply. However, one major barrier to their therapeutic use is that the cells can only be isolated in numbers too low for practical use and efforts to expand the number of cells often causes them to turn into more mature cells.
"At the moment, if you take stem cells from a person and try to expand them, many of the stem cells lose their ability to regenerate," Dr Taoudi said. "The practical aim of our research is to find ways in which you could take stem cells collected from bone marrow or cord blood and 'switch on' expression of particular sets of genes, encouraging the stem cells to expand, essentially creating your own endless supply of blood stem cells."
Institute researchers had previously discovered that ERG was vital for the proper function of adult blood stem cells. They decided to look at blood stem cells in a developing embryo, a time when the cells are particularly active, to determine ERG's role in stem cell production and maintenance.
"We found that during development, ERG was not needed for the original blood stem cells to be made, or to produce mature blood cells," Dr Taoudi said. "But without ERG, these new blood stem cells rapidly decreased as they divided to produce more blood, so that they were almost completely exhausted by the time the mouse was born."
Further testing revealed that two other genes important in embryonic development, GATA2 and RUNX1, were controlled by ERG at the blood producing stage of development.
"These genes are called transcription factors, they are the 'switches' that turn on and off other genes," Dr Taoudi said. "Individually, these genes are not essential for regeneration, but if you lose both, the stem cells are quickly exhausted. This is a key part of the puzzle, but we will continue to work to find out how these genes directly control self-renewal, and the signals that actually tell the stem cell to regenerate."
Dr Taoudi said that although the finding had promise for the future therapeutic use of blood stem cells, there was still a lot of work to be done.
"We have found part of the pathway required for the expansion of blood stem cells under normal conditions, but from a translation perspective, we still need to establish whether increasing expression of these genes will actually lead to expansion in a culture dish," he said.
The study, published in the February edition of Genes and Development, was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Australian Cancer Research Foundation, the Australian Stem Cell Centre, the Australian Research Council, the Sylvia and Charles Viertel Charitable Foundation and the Victorian Government.
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Genes & Development