Google's algorithm for ranking web-pages can be used to determine which species are critical for sustaining ecosystems. Drs. Stefano Allesina and Mercedes Pascual find that "PageRank" can be applied to the study of food webs, the complex networks describing who eats whom in an ecosystem.
The researchers, based at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis at the University of California, Santa Barbara and at the University of Michigan, therefore adapt Google's PageRank algorithm, which efficiently ranks web-pages according to search criteria, for ecological purposes. Details are published September 4 in the open-access journal PLoS Computational Biology.
In a world of ever greater human-generated change, there is a need to forecast the impact of species extinctions on ecosystems. This presents challenges, as every species is embedded in a complex network of relationships with others: a single extinction can cascade in further and seemingly unrelated species' loss. Furthering the problem, there are too many extinction scenarios to investigate, as even for simple ecosystems the number of possibilities exceeds the number of atoms in the universe.
Using the PageRank method, Allesina and Pascual identify the set of species which are most critical for maintaining ecosystem functioning. The method identifies the species of maximum importance by determining which extinctions lead to the fastest ecosystem collapse.
PageRank assigns importance to web-pages according to the rule "a page is important if important pages point to it". This circular method of ranking, which can be solved through a clever application of college-level algebra, is key to the process of identifying critical species. Although this approach would seem inappropriate, as food webs are not truly circular, the authors introduce an ecologically-sound way to make food webs circular by adding an artificial species, representing the recycling of nutrients from all dead organisms back towards the plants that form the base of food webs.
The authors hope that this method will be applied far beyond ecology to solve critical problems in other network-related biological fields, such as in protein interaction and gene regulation.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: This work was supported by a Centennial Fellowship of the James S. McDonnell Foundation to MP and by NSF grant EF-0827493. SA is a postdoctoral fellow at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, funded by NSF DEB 0553768, the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the State of California. MP is a Howard Hughes Medical Investigator. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
PLEASE ADD THIS LINK TO THE PUBLISHED ARTICLE IN ONLINE VERSIONS OF YOUR REPORT: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000494 (link will go live upon embargo lift)
CITATION: Allesina S, Pascual M (2009) Googling Food Webs: Can an Eigenvector Measure Species' Importance for Coextinctions? PLoS Comput Biol 5(9): e1000494. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000494
CONTACT:
Stefano Allesina
Assistant professor
University of Chicago
Department of Ecology and Evolution
fellow of the Computation Institute
This work was developed when he was a fellow at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), University of California, Santa Barbara.
email: sallesina@uchicago.edu
805 259 7335
Mercedes Pascual
Professor
University of Michigan
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator
External Professor at the Santa Fe Institute
email: pascual@umich.edu
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