Severe breathing disorders during sleep are associated with an increased risk of dying from any cause according to research published this week in the open access journal PLoS Medicine. The study finds that the increased risk of dying is most apparent in men between 40 and 70 years of age with severe sleep-disordered breathing, and suggests a specific link between this condition and death from coronary heart disease in men.
Sleep-disordered breathing is characterized by a collapse of the upper airway during sleep, leading to numerous, brief interruptions of breathing known as sleep apnea, and it is experienced by one in four men and one in ten women. Although it is increasingly recognised as a serious condition—linked with hypertension, heart failure and stroke, as well as causing daytime sleepiness with dangerous consequences such as impairing a person's ability to drive safely—previous studies investigating sleep-disordered breathing have not included participants in sufficient numbers to identify specific factors (such as age and sex) that might predict an increased risk of dying.
In the Sleep Heart Health Study, Naresh Punjabi of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore and colleagues studied over 6,000 men and women, initially assessing their night-time breathing, sleep patterns and blood oxygen levels, and calculating each participant's apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), defined as the number of pauses in breathing severe enough to cause a 4% drop in blood oxygen saturation, per hour of sleep. Following the study participants over an average of 8 years, they found that those with severe sleep disordered breathing (AHI of 30 or above) at the outset were one and a half times more likely to die from any cause, irrespective of age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking status and prevalent medical conditions. Men aged 40-70 with severe sleep-disordered breathing were twice as likely to die from any cause as men the same age not suffering from the condition (that is, those with AHI less than 5). Death from coronary heart disease was found to be associated with sleep-disordered breathing in men, but not in women. Those who had milder sleep-breathing disorders did not have a statistically significant increased risk of dying.
As an observational study, this research cannot determine whether sleep-disordered breathing is the actual cause of deaths, rather than a factor that happens to be associated with fatal conditions, nor whether treating sleep-disorder breathing can lengthen life. To address this question, the authors suggest "additional research in the form of randomized clinical trials… to assess if treatment [of sleep-disordered breathing] can reduce premature mortality associated with this common and chronic disorder."
Funding: Supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute through the following cooperative agreements: U01-HL53940 (University of Washington), U01-HL53941 (Boston University), U01-HL63463 (Case Western Reserve University), U01-HL53937 (Johns Hopkins University), U01-HL53938 (University of Arizona), U01-HL53916 (University of California, Davis), U01-HL53934 (University of Minnesota), U01-HL63429 (Missouri Breaks Research), and U01-HL53931 (New York University). The funding institutions had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: NMP received honoraria and travel support for continuing medical education lectures or symposia sponsored by Respironics and Resmed Inc. DMR is currently the holder (through New York University) of multiple patents licensed to Covidian and Fisher & Paykel Healthcare on the use of nasal CPAP, the primary treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, and to Advance Brain Monitoring, Protech on diagnostic tools for use in ambulatory monitoring of sleep apnea, and recieves royalties from these. DMR has also held industry-sponsored grants relating to sleep and sleep-disordered breathing treatments with Restore Medical, St. Jude Medical, Guidant (Boston Scientific), Protech, Advanced Brain Monitoring, and Korosensor. At no time were any of the activities of DMR in the Sleep Heart Health Study data collection or analysis directly related to any of his listed activities in ways that compromised the study, as reviewed annually by the Steering Committee. SR has National Institutes of Health grants that fund research into the association of sleep disorders and health outcomes. SR is a member of the Sleep Research Society Board of Directors. SR is the Principal Investigator for a contract between University Hospitals of Cleveland and Dymedix, Inc. to validate sleep signals of sleep apnea diagnosis. MLU has a Baxter Healthcare Grant (Reanalysis of the HEMO Study using novel analytic approaches). MLU is personally unaware of a Baxter sleep product and this support did not influence his contribution to this work.
Citation: Punjabi NM, Caffo BS, Goodwin JL, Gottlieb DJ, Newman AB, et al. (2009) Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS Med 6(8): e1000132. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000132
IN YOUR COVERAGE PLEASE USE THIS URL TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO THE FREELY AVAILABLE PAPER: http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=1000132
PRESS-ONLY PREVIEW OF THE ARTICLE: http://www.plos.org/press/plme-06-08-punjabi.pdf
EDITORS' SUMMARY: http://www.plos.org/press/plme-06-08-punjabi-summary.pdf
CONTACT:
Naresh Punjabi
Johns Hopkins University
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle
Baltimore, MD 21224
United States of America
+1 410-550-5405
+1 410-550-2612 (fax)
npunjabi@jhmi.edu
Journal
PLoS Medicine