The Polymer Chemistry Research Group at the University of Helsinki, Finland, has succeeded in producing nano-sized metallic copper particles. When the size of particles is reduced to a nano-scale (one nanometre being one billionth of a metre), the properties of the material undergo substantial changes. Unlike in bulk materials, in nanoparticles the number of surface atoms is considerably greater than the number of atoms inside the material, which, among other things, makes the melting temperature of nanomaterials very low. With suitable heat treatment (sintering), the particles manufactured by the research group can be made to form electricity-conducting layers and patterns on paper.
The research result is interesting in that polymer-protected metal particles can also be used in various electronics applications: various kinds of intelligent patterns can be printed on paper that, in the future, may replace components such as electronics boards.
The findings were recently reported in an international journal.
The purpose of the research was to test the ability of polymeric and small-molecule compounds that contain amine groups to protect copper nanoparticles during their manufacturing stage. The particles were manufactured with either poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) or tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) used as protecting compounds. The average size of the particles at room temperature was 8.5 nm (with PEI as the protecting agent) or 19.4 nm (with TEPA as the protecting agent). Slightly oxidised at their surface, the particles were sintered to the paper surface, and the electrical conductivity of the layer thus formed was measured. Particles manufactured using PEI released the protective agent during sintering at relatively low temperatures (150-200 °C). At these temperatures, the size of the particles increased rapidly. The electrical conductivity of the sintered particles was good, which makes them promising materials for use in electronics printed on paper.
At the University of Helsinki, a research group led by Professor Heikki Tenhu synthesises the so-called intelligent polymers and studies controlled polymerisation reactions. Polymers are large-molecule compounds that, as functional materials, change their properties according to the changing ambient conditions.
The Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry at the University of Helsinki is part of the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence named Functional Materials. The CoE's objects of research include high-quality niche products for replacing the bulk products being abandoned by the paper and packaging industry, integrated product applications and medicinal product and food packages for the health care industry, and multimedia applications of the printing and communications industry.
Poly(ethylene imine) and Tetraethylenepentamine As Protecting Agents for Metallic Copper Nanoparticles; Petri Pulkkinen, Jun Shan, Kirsi Leppänen, Ari Känsäkoski, Ari Laiho, Mikael Järn and Heikki Tenhu; ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 1(2) 519-525, 2009, Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society.
Source of further information: Professor Heikki Tenhu, tel. +358 9 191 50334
Minna Meriläinen, Press Officer, +358 9 191 51042
Journal
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces