image: UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering electrical engineering professor Paul Siegel -- a leading authority on coding for hard disk magnetic recording systems -- has been elected to the National Academy of Engineering "for the invention and development of advanced coding techniques for digital recording systems." view more
Credit: UC San Diego
San Diego, CA, February 08, 2008 – UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering professor Paul Siegel – a leading authority on coding for hard disk magnetic recording systems – has been elected to the National Academy of Engineering “for the invention and development of advanced coding techniques for digital recording systems.”
Prof. Siegel is an electrical engineering professor and the director of UCSD’s Center for Magnetic Recording Research (CMRR) – a collaboration between UCSD, companies in the magnetic recording industry and government agencies. The CMRR mission is to advance the state-of-the-art in magnetic storage, and to produce highly trained graduate students and postdoctoral professionals.
In the 1980s and early 1990s, Siegel was part of an IBM team that helped to revolutionize the hard disk industry through advances in signal processing. Siegel’s work on signal processing systems has increased the reliability of information retrieval from hard disk drives. His patents and publications provided part of the framework for the introduction of a signal processing approach called “coded partial response, maximum likelihood” (PRML) which is used in every disk drive today.
PRML, along with the introduction of advanced heads and disks, enabled the extremely rapid growth in capacity of magnetic hard disk drives. A one gigabyte hard disk drive in 1984 cost approximately $50,000 and was the size of a small washing machine. Today, mp3 players like iPods contain drives with 30 times this capacity and these are small drives by today’s standards.
For information to be stored on a hard disk, electronic signals carrying the data first travel down a wire to one of the disk’s writing heads. To record this information, the write heads leak flux which results in information stored on the disk.
Retrieval of this stored information requires a read head flying very close to the disk to read the information as pulses. These pulses must be converted back to electronic signals in an ultra reliable way – and this is where Siegel’s work enters the picture.
Hard disk storage capacity is increased by packing more bits per unit of surface area. This increased density causes interference among read pulses – a phenomenon known as intersymbol interference or ISI – and makes reliable retrieval of data from hard disks more challenging.
One way to deal with ISI would be to narrow the pulses to reduce interference among pulses, but this increases the noise. Another approach could be to increase the space between bits on the hard disk thus increasing the inter-pulse distance – but that is counterproductive to the goal of increasing a disk’s storage capacity.
Siegel was part of the IBM team that came up with a powerful solution to the ISI problem using signal processing called “modulation coding.” In particular, he was the co-inventor of a kind of modulation code called “spectral null codes.” This was the first comprehensive class of codes that allowed PRML systems to operate at a lower signal-to-noise ratio than uncoded PRML systems. He also invented a decoder for these codes that was much simpler than the optimal decoder but gave essentially the same performance.
With this work, Siegel demonstrated that ISI complications to the read process can be mitigated with signal processing. He and his collaborators showed that you can control this interference and then use the Viterbi algorithm to unscramble the PRML.
“Paul worked on finding codes that give better performance when the PRML is unscrambled by the Viterbi detector,” said Jack Keil Wolf, the Stephen O. Rice Professor of Magnetics at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Jacobs School.
The Viterbi algorithm and detector are named after their inventor, Andrew Viterbi, a co-founder of both Linkabit Corporation and Qualcomm Inc. In the 1970s and 1980s, Viterbi spent time as a UCSD professor while working at Linkabit and later at Qualcomm. He is now an Emeritus Professor at UCSD.
“Paul’s early work at IBM was on both modulation codes and error correction codes. He showed that you want to prevent certain sequences from being written on the disk, even if those sequences correspond to the data. For example, if you write all zeros, nothing will come off the drive when you read it and this means you lose the timing, and you want to avoid that,” said Wolf who is also a member of the National Academy of Engineering and leader of the Signal Processing Group within UCSD’s CMRR.
More recently, Dr. Siegel introduced iterative techniques for applications in storage. Several manufacturers are now developing read-write chips which utilize this principle. At CMRR, Siegel oversees research activities on a wide range of issues related to digital data storage and communications. He leads the Signal Transmission and Recording Group (STAR) at UCSD, participates in UCSD’s Center for Wireless Communications (CWC) and is in charge of the Networked Infrastructure layer of the UCSD division of Calit2.
The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) is a private, independent, nonprofit institution. In addition to its role as advisor to the U.S. federal government, the NAE also conducts independent studies to examine important topics in engineering and technology.