Hiroaki Misonou, Milena Menegola, Durga P. Mohapatra, Lauren K. Guy, Kang-Sik Park, and James S. Trimmer
Voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels are activated by changes in the cell membrane potential, but phosphorylation of residues in the subunits can significantly alter the extent of activation. A recent mapping of the Kv2.1 channel, a member of the Kv family present on most hippocampal and cortical pyramidal neurons, identified not one, not two, but 16 such sites. This week, Misonou et al. looked at two of these sites, S563 and S603, in more detail. The authors tested the effects of stimuli that cause increased neuronal activity such as kainate-induced seizures, or decreased neuronal activity such as deep anesthesia in rat brains in vivo. The authors also tested glutamate excitation of cultured neurons. In each case, S603 was much more sensitive. Increased neuronal activity led to calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation, whereas reduced activity increased phosphorylation, providing a bidirectional and graded means to regulate channel function and in turn neuronal activity.
2. Development without Death
Robert R. Buss, Thomas W. Gould, Jianjun Ma, Sharon Vinsant, David Prevette, Adam Winseck, Kimberly A. Toops, James A. Hammarback, Thomas L. Smith, and Ronald W. Oppenheim
The developing nervous system of vertebrates initially generates an excess of neurons. About one-half of these neurons are then eliminated through programmed cell death, or apoptosis. Although many studies have focused on the mechanism of apoptosis and how to prevent it, few have looked at the fate of the "excess" neurons when their death was prevented. This week, Buss et al. did just that. They examined neuromuscular development in three animal models in which apoptosis was blocked: knock-out mice lacking the proapoptotic gene Bax, transgenic miceoverexpressing the survival factor Myo-GDNF (myogenin glial cell line-derivedneurotrophic factor), and chick embryosparalyzed by treatment with curare. All animals had an excess of axons projecting to target muscles, but motoneurons were smaller, and many axons failed to myelinate or form functional synapses. The phenotypes of the three animal models also differed in some features, consistent with distinct compensatory changes.
3. Orientation Tuning in Macaque Somatosensory Cortex
Pramodsingh H. Thakur, Paul J. Fitzgerald, John W. Lane, and Steven S. Hsiao
Previous work has shown that many neurons in the second somatosensory (S2) cortical region show orientation tuning, somewhat akin to that observed in the visual cortex. This week Pramodsingh et al. honed in on a single finger pad of two rhesus monkeys and show that this orientation tuning involves multiple mechanisms. They indented the skin of a finger pad with a motorized bar at eight different orientations and nine different locations and recorded from single neurons in the macaque S2 region. Some cells had simple cell-like receptive fields, but many neurons showed position invariant responses. That is, their firing was selective for a narrow band of orientations, and the preferred orientation was the same in any location across the finger pad. The range of response properties indicated that tuning results from a region of pure position invariance, bands of excitation and inhibition that are not centered on the finger pad, or a combination of these mechanisms.
4. Adenosine A2A Receptors and L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias
Danqing Xiao, Elena Bastia, Yue-Hang Xu, Caroline L. Benn, Jang-Ho J. Cha, Tracy S. Peterson, Jiang-Fan Chen, and Michael A. Schwarzschild
Treatment of Parkinson's disease with L-3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) has its limits. Continued treatment often leads to adaptive behavioral responses and, in particular, involuntary movements referred to as L-DOPA- induced-dyskinesia (LID). Because adenosine A2A receptors are highly expressed in striatum, there has been interest in their use in nondopaminergic treatments. Xiao et al. wanted to know whether blocking A2A receptor signaling would relieve symptoms of LID in hemiparkinsonian mice. Using the Cre/lox system, the authors knocked out A2A receptors in the forebrains of transgenic mice. These mice developed fewer abnormal involuntary movements and rotational responses during chronic L-DOPA treatment, similar to mice that received low doses of A2A receptor antagonists along with L-DOPA. Thus A2A receptors in forebrain neurons may contribute to the behavioral sensitization to L-DOPA, perhaps indicating that A2A antagonists could reduce the risk of LID.