Since the Iron Age, metallurgists have known that metals such as steel become stronger and harder the more you hit (or beat) on them.
But it wasn't always clear why this happened. Vasily Bulatov and colleagues at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory discovered that the common explanation for this hardening process ignored a key component.
Through a series of computer simulations and experiments using the metal, molybdenum, the team determined that three line defects (also known as dislocations) in the crystal structure of metals create a stronger bond than when only two dislocations intersect. Dislocations are the displacements of the regularly packed layers of atoms within the crystal structure.
The theory of dislocation was invented in the 1930s. Research since then has focused on dislocation interactions and their role in hardening metals, in which continued deformation increases the metal's strength (much like a blacksmith pounding on steel with an anvil).
But the Livermore team found that three or more dislocations create a strong, nearly indestructible locking mechanism. "When you beat on metal, dislocations multiply like crazy," Bulatov said. "The metal gets stronger, but we didn't know exactly how that strength came about. What we found was that the strength becomes greater each time three dislocation lines intersect."
Bulatov said the hardening mechanism could be applied in any strong metal, from bridges to ships to rebar within the walls of buildings.
"Potentially, you can take advantage of this behavior," he said. "Dislocation interaction was known for 70 years. We now show exactly how it happens. Two at the time was thought to do it, but three at a time makes a big difference."
The research appears in the April 27 edition of the journal, Nature. Other Livermore researchers include, Luke Hsiung, Meijie Tang, Athanasios Arsenlis, Maria Bartelt, Wei Cai, Jeff Florando, Masato Hiratani, Moon Rhee, Gregg Hommes, Tim Pierce and Tomas Diaz de la Rubia.
Founded in 1952, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is a national security laboratory, with a mission to ensure national security and apply science and technology to the important issues of our time. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is managed by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration.
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Journal
Nature