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"Medical journals are an extension of the marketing arm of pharmaceutical companies," argues Richard Smith, former editor of the BMJ and now Chief Executive of UnitedHealth Europe, in a provocative essay published in the open access international health journal PLoS Medicine (www.plosmedicine.org).
The most conspicuous example of medical journals' dependence on the pharmaceutical industry is the substantial income from drug advertisements, but Smith believes that this is "the least corrupting form of dependence," since the ads are "there for all to see and criticize."
The much bigger problem, he argues, lies with journals publishing clinical trials funded by industry. "For a drug company a favourable trial is worth thousands of pages of advertising, which is why a company will sometimes spend upwards of a million dollars on reprints of the trial for worldwide distribution." Unlike ads, readers see these trials as the highest form of evidence, says Smith.
"Fortunately from the point of view of the companies who fund these trials--but unfortunately for the credibility of the journals who publish them--these trials rarely produce results that are unfavourable to the companies' products." Smith cites evidence from a total of 86 studies that the results of a trial are influenced by who funds it.
"The evidence is strong that companies are getting the results they want, and this is especially worrying because between two thirds and three quarters of the trials published in the major journals are funded by the industry."
Smith says that journal editors are well aware that company-funded trials bring in thousands of dollars in reprint sales, and this can put editors in a difficult position. Editors are increasingly responsible for the budgets of their journals and for producing a profit for their owners. "An editor may thus face a frighteningly stark conflict of interest: publish a trial that will bring $100,000 of profit or meet the end of year budget by firing an editor."
How can the cycle of dependency between journals and drug companies be broken? "Firstly, we need more public funding of trials, particularly of large head to head trials of all the treatments available for treating a condition."
"Secondly, journals should perhaps stop publishing trials. Instead, the protocols and the results should be made available on regulated websites. Only such a radical step would, I think, stop journals being beholden to companies. Instead of publishing trials journals could concentrate on critically describing them."
Editorial Notes:
1. Richard Smith is on the Board of Directors of the Public Library of Science (www.plos.org), which publishes PLoS Medicine.
2. PLoS Medicine does not publish advertisements for medicines or devices. The journal cannot benefit from exclusive reprint sales of trials since all articles in the journal are published under an open access license (http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-static&name=license) that allows any reader to make unlimited copies.
Citation: Smith R (2005) Medical journals are an extension of the marketing arm of pharmaceutical companies. PLoS Med 2(5): e138.
CONTACT:
Richard Smith
UnitedHealth Europe
15 Greycoat Place
London, United Kingdom
Work: +44 (0) 20 7202 0820
Fax: +44 (0) 20 7202 0801
Mobile: 0796 880 1963
Email: richardswsmith@yahoo.co.uk
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