Worldwide, approximately 2.5 million children are infected with HIV, and approximately 1,700 new perinatal infections occur daily, according to background information in the article. In the United States, more than 9,300 HIV-infected children younger than 13 years have progressed to AIDS as of December 2003. While the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) 076 regimen has reduced perinatal transmission by 67 percent, prenatal combination ART has further reduced transmission to 2 percent or less. However, the impact of treatment on progression of perinatal HIV infection remains poorly characterized at the population level. Perinatal HIV infection may progress in 2 patterns: early, with a typical onset of age 4 months, or late, with a typical onset of age 6 years.
David R. Berk, M.D., of the Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif., and colleagues conducted a study to determine the progression of HIV, survival, and distribution of category C (the most severe of three categories, dependent on symptomatic conditions) diagnoses in a perinatal population-based sample during different eras in prevention and management and in relation to early institution of any ART therapy. The researchers examined the trends in early progression of perinatal HIV infection among 205 HIV-infected children in Northern California born between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 2001, and followed up through age 3 years.
The researchers found that of 205 children, 134 (65 percent) received ART and/or prophylactic treatment against Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. By age 3 years, 81 (40 percent) progressed to a category C diagnosis, 41 (51 percent) of whom died. Untreated children were significantly more likely to progress to a category C diagnosis (62 percent [44/71] untreated vs. 28 percent [37/134] treated children); none of 23 infants who received triple ART progressed to category C. However, even without triple ART, very early mono/dual ART (by age 2 months vs. 3-4 months) was associated with delayed and decreased progression to category C. Of 33 children born between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2001, only 7 (21 percent) progressed to category C (compared with 1988-1995), 6 of 7 of whom received no therapy. More recent year of birth and more advanced therapy were associated with improved survival.
"There are few data to guide time to initiation and selection of therapy among young children with perinatal HIV infection. Our novel finding of improved outcomes even with mono/dual ART begun by age 2 months vs. 3 to 4 months, though limited by the small sample size, suggests the importance of very early diagnosis and treatment and is consistent with small clinical trials demonstrating a short-term protective effect of early vs. delayed ART among perinatally infected infants. Initiating ART within the first 2 months offers the potential to begin therapy during or near the time of primary infection," the authors write.
(JAMA. 2005;293:2221-2231. Available post-embargo at JAMA.com)
Editor's Note: This study is supported by funding from the Office of AIDS, California Department of Health Services.
Editorial: Balancing the Upside and Downside of Antiretroviral Therapy in Children
In an accompanying editorial, Ram Yogev, M.D., of Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, comments on the HIV studies in this week's JAMA.
"While it is possible to celebrate the tremendous change in the outcomes of HIV-infected children treated with HAART, it is even more important to continue to prioritize research for the survivors who are now living with a chronic disease. The notion that the problem of HIV in children has been resolved is false--indeed, 15,000 to 20,000 perinatally-infected children and adolescents still need answers to problems such as salvage therapy, long-term complications from the disease or from ART, neurodevelopmental complications, and the ongoing need for new and simplified treatments. It would be a mistake to reduce funding for clinical research on HIV-infected children living in the United States, because such research might not only help these children but also contribute to the care of HIV-infected children worldwide who are starting to benefit from ART and who, in the near future, undoubtedly will develop the same problems that U.S. children are now experiencing," Dr. Yogev writes.
(JAMA. 2005;293:2272-2274. Available post-embargo at JAMA.com)
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