The study appears in the January issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Researchers followed 70 children over a six-year period at Children's Hospital; of that number, 33 had overweight mothers and 37 had lean mothers. During the first two years of age, weight and body composition differed little between the two groups. But the high-risk group (children whose mothers were overweight) had greater overall weight by age four, and both greater weight and more body fat by age six.
"We found dramatic increases in body fat between ages three and six," said lead researcher Robert I. Berkowitz, M.D., chair of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and executive director of the Behavioral Health Center at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. "This suggests that some genes controlling body weight may become active during this period."
Among the low-risk group, only one of the 37 children was overweight, suggesting that genetic influences can protect against obesity as well as predisposing to it.
The only environmental influence apparent in the study was family income; lower income was associated with higher body weight, similar to the pattern found in adults. The researchers found no genetic influence for the fathers' weight, possibly because the number of children studied was not large enough.
"This research has important implications for preventing obesity," said co-author Virginia A. Stallings, M.D., director of the Nutrition Center in the Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition and deputy director of the Joseph Stokes Research Institute at Children's Hospital. "It points to an important target group--children whose mothers are overweight. There could be greater benefits to focusing intense prevention efforts toward these children, rather than to the entire pediatric population."
The fact that increased body weight at age four is followed by increased body fat at age six indicates that prevention efforts should begin by age four for overweight children of overweight mothers. "It is not necessary to wait to see increased body fat by age six if the child is already overweight," Dr. Berkowitz said.
"There appears to be an interaction between the genes that control body weight and environmental factors such as increased intake of sweets and fats, as well as inactivity, all of which are associated with the development of childhood obesity," noted Albert J. Stunkard, M.D., of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, a co-author of the study.
The National Institutes of Health supported this study. In addition to Drs. Berkowitz, Stallings and Stunkard, a fourth co-author was Greg Maslin, of Biomedical Statistical Consulting, Wynnewood, Pa. Drs. Berkowitz and Stallings also are faculty members of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, where Dr. Berkowitz is medical director of the Weight and Eating Disorders Program.
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia was founded in 1855 as the nation's first pediatric hospital. Through its long-standing commitment to providing exceptional patient care, training new generations of pediatric healthcare professionals and pioneering major research initiatives, Children's Hospital has fostered many discoveries that have benefited children worldwide. Its pediatric research program is among the largest in the country, ranking second in National Institutes of Health funding. In addition, its unique family-centered care and public service programs have brought the 430-bed hospital recognition as a leading advocate for children and adolescents. For more information, visit www.chop.edu.
Journal
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition