"A medication error, once in a patient's medical record, can carry-over from admission through discharge unless medication reconciliation is performed," says Kristine Gleason, who is on the hospital's Patient Safety Team and is the lead author of the study, Reconciliation of Discrepancies in Medication Histories and Admission Orders of Newly Hospitalized Patients. "Doctors, nurses, pharmacists and patients often just assume medical histories are accurate, and that's not always the case."
The study findings, published this week in the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, are particularly significant in light of the recent announcement by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations that medication reconciliation for all hospital patients is one of its 2005 National Patient Safety Goals. That means medication reconciliation programs are a requirement for accreditation.
Northwestern Memorial is working toward that goal, implementing a computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) system as part of its patient safety initiative. A previous study at Northwestern Memorial found that a combination of pharmacist involvement and a CPOE system with significant clinical decision support will likely provide the best approach to improve medication safety among patients.
Data collected by Northwestern Memorial researchers for the new study showed that in the absence of a pharmacist intervention, 22 percent of medication discrepancies may have resulted in patient harm during hospitalization and 60 percent may have resulted in patient harm if continued beyond discharge. The most common discrepancy was complete omission of a medication that the patient reported taking prior to hospitalization. The next most frequent discrepancy was a different dose, route or frequency of medication ordered compared to what the patient was taking prior to admission. Gleason says such discrepancies occur most often during patient transfers, when a patient is discharged or moved to another hospital, nursing home or even another floor within the same facility.
The reconciliation process consisted of comparing the patient's medications listed in the admission orders to the medication information documented in: 1) the physician's history and physical; 2) the patient's admission profile, a form completed collaboratively by the nurse and patient (or patient's advocate); and 3) information obtained during the pharmacist-conducted interview. A discrepancy was defined as any inconsistency or difference in the medication regimen noted during this manual comparison process.
The study found that pharmacists are in the best position to perform medication reconciliation.
"We believe that pharmacists are especially suited to obtain medication histories and perform reconciliation based on their education, experience, medication knowledge and patient counseling skills," says Gleason. "Pharmacists can recognize sound-alike and look-alike medications or omissions that others may miss, or dosages that don't seem right."
"The project clearly demonstrated that pharmacists play an integral role in this," adds Gary Noskin, M.D., a study author, the medical director of Healthcare Epidemiology and Quality at Northwestern Memorial and professor at Northwestern's Feinberg School of Medicine. "And what this paper demonstrates is that medication reconciliation is an effective method to prevent medication errors."
A previous study conducted at Northwestern Memorial found that while CPOE systems reduce medication errors, they may have limited impact on actual patient harm. The study concluded that the involvement of physicians and pharmacists is critical to safe care.
Healthcare professionals should educate patients on the importance of maintaining an updated medication list, keeping it on a card that they carry all the time, and reconciling this information during every healthcare encounter, the latest study recommended.
"We always have to engage the patients in this conversation and get them involved," Gleason says. "This has to be a collaborative effort."
The Northwestern Memorial study found that medication reconciliation not only increased patient safety but was also cost-effective. The time, and therefore cost, required to perform reconciliation was more than offset by the savings from fewer possible patient injuries.
About Northwestern Memorial Hospital
Northwestern Memorial Hospital (NMH) is one of the country's premier academic medical centers and is the primary teaching hospital of Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine. Northwestern Memorial and its Prentice Women's Hospital and Stone Institute of Psychiatry have 744 beds and more than 1,200 affiliated physicians and 5,000 employees. Providing state-of-the-art care, NMH is recognized for its outstanding clinical and surgical advancements in such areas as cardiothoracic and vascular care, gastroenterology, neurology and neurosurgery, oncology, organ and bone marrow transplantation, and women's health.
Northwestern Memorial was ranked as the nation's 5th best hospital by the 2002 Consumer Checkbook survey of the nation's physicians and is listed in eight specialties in this year's US News & World Report's issue of "America's Best Hospitals." NMH is also cited as one of the "100 Best Companies for Working Mothers" by Working Mother magazine and has been chosen by Chicagoans year after year as their "most preferred hospital" in National Research Corporation's annual survey.
Journal
American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy