Stretching millions of miles around Jupiter, the donut-shaped cloud, known as a "torus," is believed to result from the uncommonly severe bombardment of ion radiation that Jupiter sends toward Europa. That radiation damages Europa's surface, kicking up and pulling apart water-ice molecules and dispersing them along Europa's orbit into a neutral-gas torus with a mass of about 60,000 tons.
The cloud's mass indicates that the intense radiation Europa faces has more severe consequences than scientists thought, says Dr. Barry Mauk, head of the APL research team whose findings appear in the Feb. 27 issue of the journal Nature. The mass also shows that Europa, in an orbit some 416,000 miles (671,000 kilometers) from Jupiter, wields considerable influence on the magnetic configuration around the giant planet.
"Surprisingly, Europa's gas cloud compares to that generated by the volcanically active satellite Io," says Mauk. "But where Io's volcanoes are constantly spewing materials -- mostly sulfur and oxygen -- Europa is a comparatively quiet moon, and the gas we see is a direct consequence of its icy surface being bombarded so intensely.
"By acting as both a source and a sink of charged radiation particles, the dense gas torus gives Europa much greater influence than was previously thought on the structure of, and energy flow within, Jupiter's huge space environment, its magnetosphere," he says.
The APL team studied images of Jupiter taken in late 2000 and early 2001 with the Laboratory's Ion and Neutral Camera on the Cassini spacecraft, now en route to Saturn. Mauk says this is the first substantial discovery made at an extraterrestrial planet using an innovative technique known as energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging.
"Planetary magnetospheres glow with energetic neutral atoms, much like a red-hot piece of iron glows with photons of light, and such neutral-atom glows can be remotely imaged," Mauk says. "To this point, no instrument has imaged that activity beyond Earth's magnetosphere. ENA imaging makes visible the three-dimensional structure of planetary space environments, which, until recently, were invisible to remote imaging techniques."
Research team members at APL and co-authors on the Nature paper, "Energetic neutral atoms from a trans-Europa gas torus at Jupiter," include Dr. Donald Mitchell, Dr. Stamatios Krimigis, Dr. Edmond Roelof and Dr. Christopher Paranicas. Krimigis, head of the APL Space Department, is principal investigator for Cassini's Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument, which includes the Ion and Neutral Camera.
The APL-built Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument is one of 12 science instruments on the main spacecraft and one of six instruments designed to investigate the space environments around Saturn and its moons. Cassini will begin orbiting Saturn on July 1, 2004, and release its piggybacked Huygens probe about six months later for descent through the thick atmosphere of the moon Titan. Cassini-Huygens is a cooperative mission of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C.
An energetic neutral atom image showing the donut-shaped cloud around Jupiter is available on the Web at: http://www.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/pressreleases/2003/030227.htm
For more information on Cassini, visit: http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov.
For more information on the Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument and its science mission, visit: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/CASSINI/.
The Applied Physics Laboratory, a division of The Johns Hopkins University, meets critical national challenges through the innovative application of science and technology. For more information, visit www.jhuapl.edu.
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Journal
Nature