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The combined efforts of three European teams of astronomers, targeting the same sky field in the southern constellation Fornax (The Oven) have enabled them to construct a very deep, true-colour image - opening an exceptionally clear view towards the distant universe.
The image (PR Photo 02a/03) covers an area somewhat larger than the full moon. It displays more than 100,000 galaxies, several thousand stars and hundreds of quasars. It is based on images with a total exposure time of nearly 50 hours, collected under good observing conditions with the Wide Field Imager (WFI) on the MPG/ESO 2.2m telescope at the ESO La Silla Observatory (Chile) - many of them extracted from the ESO Science Data Archive.
The position of this southern sky field was chosen by Riccardo Giacconi (Nobel Laureate in Physics 2002) at a time when he was Director General of ESO, together with Piero Rosati (ESO). It was selected as a sky region towards which the NASA Chandra X-ray satellite observatory, launched in July 1999, would be pointed while carrying out a very long exposure (lasting a total of 1 million seconds, or 278 hours) in order to detect the faintest possible X-ray sources. The field is now known as the Chandra Deep Field South (CDF-S).
The new WFI photo of CDF-S does not reach quite as deep as the available images of the "Hubble Deep Fields" (HDF-N in the northern and HDF-S in the southern sky, cf. e.g. ESO PR Photo 35a/98), but the field-of-view is about 200 times larger. The present image displays about 50 times more galaxies than the HDF images, and therefore provides a more representative view of the universe.
The WFI CDF-S image will now form a most useful basis for the very extensive and systematic census of the population of distant galaxies and quasars, allowing at once a detailed study of all evolutionary stages of the universe since it was about 2 billion years old.
These investigations have started and are expected to provide information about the evolution of galaxies in unprecedented detail. They will offer insights into the history of star formation and how the internal structure of galaxies changes with time and, not least, throw light on how these two evolutionary aspects are interconnected.
Galaxies in the WFI image
The WFI CDF-S colour image - of which the full field is shown in PR Photo 02a/03 - was constructed from all available observations in the optical B- ,V- and R-bands obtained under good conditions with the Wide Field Imager (WFI) on the 2.2-m MPG/ESO telescope at the ESO La Silla Observatory (Chile), and now stored in the ESO Science Data Archive.
It is the "deepest" image ever taken with this instrument. It covers a sky field measuring 36 x 34 arcminˆ2, i.e., an area somewhat larger than that of the full moon. The observations were collected during a period of nearly four years, beginning in January 1999 when the WFI instrument was first installed (cf. ESO PR 02/99) and ending in October 2002. Altogether, nearly 50 hours of exposure were collected in the three filters combined here, cf. the technical information below.
Although it is possible to identify more than 100,000 galaxies in the image - some of which are shown in PR Photo 02b/03 - it is still remarkably "empty" by astronomical standards. Even the brightest stars in the field (of visual magnitude 9) can hardly be seen by human observers with binoculars. In fact, the area density of bright, nearby galaxies is only half of what it is in "normal" sky fields. Comparatively empty fields like this one provide an unsually clear view towards the distant regions in the universe and thus open a window towards the earliest cosmic times.
Research projects in the Chandra Deep Field South
Astronomers from different teams and disciplines have been quick to join forces in a world-wide co-ordinated effort around the Chandra Deep Field South. Observations of this area are now being performed by some of the most powerful astronomical facilities and instruments. They include space-based X-ray and infrared observations by the ESA XMM-Newton, the NASA CHANDRA, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and soon SIRTF (scheduled for launch in a few months), as well as imaging and spectroscopical observations in the infrared and optical part of the spectrum by telescopes at the ground-based observatories of ESO (La Silla and Paranal) and NOAO (Kitt Peak and Tololo).
A huge database is currently being created that will help to analyse the evolution of galaxies in all currently feasible respects. All participating teams have agreed to make their data on this field publicly available, thus providing the world-wide astronomical community with a unique opportunity to perform competitive research, joining forces within this vast scientific project.
Concerted observations
The optical true-colour WFI image presented here forms an important part of this broad, concerted approach. It combines observations of three scientific teams that have engaged in complementary scientific projects, thereby capitalizing on this very powerful combination of their individual observations. The following teams are involved in this work:
Another important contribution to this large research undertaking will come from the GEMS project. This is a "HST treasury programme" (with Hans-Walter Rix from MPIA as Principal Investigator) which observes the 10,000 galaxies identified in COMBO-17 - and eventually the entire WFI-field with HST - to show the evolution of their shapes with time.
Great questions
With the combination of data from many wavelength ranges now at hand, the astronomers are embarking upon studies of the many different processes in the universe. They expect to shed more light on several important cosmological questions, such as:
Moreover, since these extensive optical observations were obtained in the course of a dozen observing periods during several years, it is also possible to perform studies of certain variable phenomena:
This is just a short and very incomplete list of questions astronomers world-wide will address using all the complementary observations. No doubt that the coming studies of the Chandra Deep Field South - with this and other data - will be most exciting and instructive!
Other wide-field images
Other wide-field images from the WFI have been published in various ESO press releases during the past four years - they are also available at the WFI Photo Gallery. A collection of full-resolution files (TIFF-format) is available on a WFI CD-ROM.
Technical Information
The very extensive data reduction and colour image processing needed to produce these images were performed by Mischa Schirmer and Thomas Erben at the "Wide Field Expertise Center" of the Institut fuer Astrophysik und Extraterrestrische Forschung der Universitaet Bonn (IAEF) in Germany. It was done by means of a software pipeline specialised for reduction of multiple CCD wide-field imaging camera data. This pipeline is mainly based on publicly available software modules and algorithms (EIS, FLIPS, LDAC, Terapix, Wifix).
The image was constructed from about 150 exposures in each of the following wavebands: B-band (centred at wavelength 0.456 nm; here rendered as blue, 15.8 hours total exposure time), V-band (0.540 nm; green, 15.6 hours) and R-band (0.652 nm; red, 17.8 hours). Only images taken under sufficiently good observing conditions (defined as seeing less than 1.1 arcsec) were included. In total, 450 images were assembled to produce this colour image, together with about as many calibration images (biases, darks and flats). More than 2 Terabyte (TB) of temporary files were produced during the extensive data reduction. Parallel processing of all data sets took about two weeks on a four-processor Sun Enterprise 450 workstation and a 1.8 GHz dual processor Linux PC. The final colour image was assembled in Adobe Photoshop. The observations were performed by ESO (GOODS, EIS) and the COMBO-17 collaboration in the period 1/1999-10/2002.
The full text of this photo release, with four images and all weblinks, is available at: http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2003/phot-02-03.html