Peter Haeussler, U.S. Geological Survey Full size image available through contact |
Sunday's magnitude 7.9 earthquake in central Alaska created a scar across the landscape for more than 145 miles, according to surveys conducted the past two days by geologists from the U.S. Geological Survey and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Survey.
The geologists, who followed the earthquake rupture by helicopter through valleys, across streams, and along glaciers, measured a maximum horizontal offset of 22 feet across the Tok Highway Cutoff, a road that goes from Tok to Glenallen and intersects with the Alaska Highway.
This earthquake, one of the largest ever recorded on U.S. soil, occurred on the Denali fault system, one of the longest strike-slip fault systems in the world, rivaling in size California's famed San Andreas strike-slip fault system.
Peter Haeussler, the USGS scientist helping lead the surveys, noted that when the Trans-Alaska Pipeline was constructed, no clear surface features existed that revealed the exact position of the Denali fault where it crosses the pipeline corridor. New surface ruptures after Sunday's quake demonstrate that even though it is now clear that the structures engineered to accommodate fault movement are largely north of the fault trace, the pipeline engineering design was robust, functioned well, and resulted in minimal earthquake damage.
The survey also revealed other visible evidence of the earthquake, including clearly developed scarps and cracks where the faults pass beneath glaciers. Geologists have long noted that glaciers follow fault zones. Rocks in the faults have been ground up by sliding past each other, and the glaciers follow those lines of weakness. "But this is the first recorded earthquake beneath a glacier, and it's amazing how clear the details of the fault traces show up," said Haeussler. "Some cracks are easily large enough to fit a bus, where the fault pulled ice blocks away from each other."
Along the valley slopes near the fault trace, there were large rock and snow slides involved blocks as big as houses, with some slides traveling large distances. On the Black Rapids glacier, rock slides released from south-facing slopes crossed the one and a half mile-wide valley and flowed part way up the opposite slope. In a few areas, rock and snow slides dammed creeks, creating small lakes.
Peter Haeussler, U.S. Geological Survey Full size image available through contact |
Near Mentasta Lake, a village that experienced some of the worst damage in the quake, scientists discovered that the surface scar turned from the Denali fault to the adjacent Totschunda fault, which trends toward more southeasterly down toward the Canadian border.
Researchers documented other evidence of the earthquake from upper Black Rapids Glacier, west of the Richardson Highway, to an area east the village of Nabesna, where both the Denali fault and the related Totschunda fault broke the surface.
Overall, the geologists found that measurable scarps indicate that the north side of the Denali fault moved to the east and vertically up relative to the south. Maximum offsets on the Denali fault were 22 feet at the Tok Highway cutoff and were 6.5 feet on the Totschunda fault. The largest offsets were in the region between the Richardson Highway and the Tok Cutoff Highway.
These observations are consistent with what seismologists are learning about how the earthquake progressed, Haeussler said. The mainshock started at the western end of the rupture zone and then traveled eastward along the fault, where most of the seismic energy was released. Scientists will use measurements of fault offsets to calibrate models of how faults slip during earthquakes, and to help them better understand the earthquake hazards associated with large faults. To address these concerns and further enhance earthquake mitigation, the USGS is building a modern network of sophisticated ground-shaking measurement systems, both on the ground and in buildings, called the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS). ANSS will become the first line of defense for earthquake hazards, with the ultimate end result being public safety, lives saved, and major losses to the economy avoided.
The November 3 earthquake was the largest seismic event ever recorded on the Denali fault system, and was larger than the 1906 "San Francisco" earthquake, which had a magnitude of 7.8. Both fault systems are strike-slip systems that cut through continents. The 1964 Alaskan earthquake was centered offshore and generated by a different type of fault separating oceanic and continental rocks; at magnitude 9.2, it was the second largest earthquake ever recorded on earth.
The epicenter of the Nov. 3 trembler was about 75 miles north of Anchorage, causing multiple landslides and road closures, but minimal damage and amazingly few injuries and no deaths. This was the second major earthquake along this portion of the fault in less than two weeks. A magnitude 6.7 earthquake occurred a few miles to the west on Oct. 23 and is now believed to be a foreshock of Sunday's massive quake.
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Additional Contact:
Peter Haeussler, 907-786-7447 pheuslr@usgs.gov
NOTE TO NEWS EDITORS: Reproducible photos are available. Please see below for photo descriptions and urls.
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PHOTO INFORMATION AND URLS:
All photos are copyright-free and should be credited to Peter Haeussler, U.S. Geological Survey. The photos were taken on a survey along and near the Denali fault after Alaska's Nov. 3 7.9 magnitude earthquake. To preview photos in a thumbnail picture, you should replace the "3" near the end of each url with a "1."
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/augustanack3.jpg - Fault scarp near Augustana Creek, just west of Delta River. The offset was approximately 16 feet. Some cracks were up to 9 feet deep. A pressure ridge is visible in the background.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/brglslide3.jpg - These two rockslides flowed a mile northward over the Black Rapids Glacier. They were the largest observed. They are about 12 miles west of the Richardson Highway.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/cglacier3.jpg - Trace of the Denali Fault running up the north side of the Canwell Glacier about 10 miles east of the Richardson Highway.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/cglacierb3.jpg - Farther up the Canwell glacier the fault trace zig-zags across the snow and ice surface.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/valley3.jpg – A nicely visible fault trace near Chistochina River.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/faultintrees3.jpg – A fault trace visible in trees southeast of Tok Cutoff Highway.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/fieldinglake3.jpg – Liquefaction, spreading and settling at the north end of Fielding Lake, which is about 11 miles south of the Denali fault. Note the tilted buildings.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/offsetstreambank3.jpg – Near the head of Slate Creek, a stream bank offset of 3.3 m is visible; larger offset including drag along fault was roughly 11 feet.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/richardsonhwy3.jpg - Richardson Highway offset 8.5 feet in right-lateral sense. This location is near where supports to the Trans Alaska Pipeline sustained damage.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/rhnpipeline.jpg - Richardson Highway on right, looking north. The Alaska Pipeline is on the left. Road offset reveals Denali fault location. The part of the pipeline designed to withstand movement along the Denali fault is in the middle part of the photograph. The fault runs beneath the pipeline near the left edge of the photograph. Some damage to the pipeline occurred at this location.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/siavalanches3.jpg - Snow and ice avalanches on the Gakona Glacier. A fault trace is dimly visible in foreground.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/tokhighway3.jpg – Fault offset of Tok cutoff highway. On the ground researchers estimated offset as 23 feet.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/totschundabreak3.jpg - Totschunda fault trace. A significant finding of the initial surveys was that the Totschunda fault ruptured during the earthquake. The Totschunda fault connects with Denali fault, is located at the southeastern extent of the rupture zone, and the fault has a more southeasterly trend than the Denali fault.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/uslbbl/photos/pr071102/totschundathrust3.jpg – A view northwest along the Totschunda fault at the SE most extent.
