Yet the "Hector Mine" event, named after a long-abandoned mine in the area, has produced a treasure of information about earthquakes, faults, and ruptures for scientists at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego. In results published in the Sept. 13 issue of Science, the scientists, along with a colleague at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), reveal that they used satellite and radar technologies to uncover never-before documented characteristics of faults. These include the first evidence that faults move backwards, contrary to conventional observations, and indications that the material within faults is significantly different than its surroundings.
Scripps's Yuri Fialko, the lead author of the study, says the implications of the study include providing a new way to identify potentially active faults, helping to track when the last earthquake occurred in a fault zone, and perhaps better understanding the earthquake process.
Fialko calls the Hector Mine event the "perfect" earthquake for the satellite and radar technologies that he and his colleagues used. It is the first event comprehensively imaged using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), as Fialko and coauthors demonstrated in an earlier study published in Geophysical Research Letters. InSAR uses a series of satellite recordings to detect changes in Earth's surface.
According to Science study coauthor David Sandwell, the fresh data gave researchers an uncommon and immediate window into earthquake processes in fault areas that are only typically imaged after being altered by natural forces such as rainstorms and unnatural forces such as off-road vehicle disruption.
Fialko, Sandwell, and coauthors Duncan Agnew, Peter Shearer, and Bernard Minster of Scripps, and Mark Simons of Caltech, studied the information to find unusual signatures of fault displacements caused by Hector Mine in the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) in an area thought to be relatively inactive.
The most surprising finding was the first evidence that faults can move backwards. Prior to an earthquake, faults are locked in position by the "glue" of friction. Changes due to energy released during earthquakes cause faults to move.
"Even small stress perturbations from distant earthquakes can cause faults to move a little bit, but it's only been known to cause this motion in a forward sense," said Fialko. "Here we observed the faults coming backwards due to relatively small stress changes, which is really quite unusual."
The study argues that the backward motion on the faults is caused by the dissimilar material within the faults, rather than the frictional failure.
"We used an analysis model that effectively says that material within the faults is mechanically distinct from the material surrounding the faults," said Fialko, of the Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at Scripps. "The rocks within the faults appear to be softer."
He says the fault zones become strained during periods of stress, acting like a soft, sponge-like material. The soft area thus becomes squeezed during periods of energy release.
According to Fialko, the results will guide new seismic studies to areas with contrasting fault material, such as that seen in the Eastern California Shear Zone. They can then be used as a way of identifying potentially active faults.
Another possibility emerges through studying the properties of fault zones over time.
"Measurements of changes in the mechanical properties of faults may yield valuable information about the earthquake cycle. For example, we might be able to say how long it was before the fault experienced an earthquake and how long it takes to heal," said Fialko.
Coauthor Shearer attributes these detailed results to the "breakthrough" offered by InSAR technology.
"Prior to InSAR, all we had were spot measurements of the deformation field," said Shearer. "At best we had maybe a few hundred points across southern California. You had a point here and there so you didn't really know what was happening. With InSAR we have millions of points and thus a continuous picture of deformation across southern California."
The scientists say the findings became possible due to highly successful satellite missions of the European Space Agency.
"We hope that NASA will launch the U.S. InSAR satellites to monitor surface changes in California and elsewhere," Fialko said. "This will dramatically improve our ability to study earthquakes as well as other potentially hazardous phenomena, such as volcanic activity and man-made deformation."
The research was supported by the Southern California Earthquake Center and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Synthetic aperture radar data were purchased with funding from NASA, the U.S. Geological Survey, and NSF.
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Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, is one of the oldest, largest, and most important centers for global science research and graduate training in the world. The scientific scope of the institution has grown since its founding in 1903. A century of Scripps science has had an invaluable impact on oceanography, on understanding of the earth, and on society. More than 300 research programs are under way today in a wide range of scientific areas. Scripps operates one of the largest U.S. academic fleets with four oceanographic research ships and one research platform for worldwide exploration. Now plunging boldly into the 21st century, Scripps will celebrate its centennial in 2003.
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