Molecular Beam Epitaxy System in the William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory is used to grow and characterize thin crystalline films of oxides and ceramics to understand in detail the chemistry that occurs on oxides and ceramic surfaces. By studying these films, we can develop a deeper knowledge of the chemistry
that controls important processes in environmental restoration and waste remediation.
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RICHLAND, Wash. - While the future of quantum computing offers the potential for substantially greater data storage and faster processing speeds, its advancement has been limited by the absence of certain critically important materials - in particular, a semiconductor that is magnetic at room temperature.
Recent experiments only hinted at the possibilities. Now, scientists at the Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have created a semiconductor material that has superior magnetic properties at room temperature and that may propel research one step closer to realizing the potential of quantum computing.
Using a special synthesis technique, PNNL scientists created a thin-film semiconductor material made of titanium, oxygen and cobalt. In collaboration with scientists at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, Calif., they showed that the materials required for quantum computing and the emerging area of spintronics likely can be obtained.
“Although other scientists have created similar materials, their films had considerably poorer magnetic properties,” said Scott Chambers, a chemist and PNNL senior chief scientist. “Our material has superior magnetic strength - an improvement of nearly a factor of five.
“Our synthesis technique, while difficult to perform, is more controllable at the atomic level, and therefore yields better results. The next step is to refine the growth process.”
The PNNL work builds upon experiments conducted by scientists in Japan who created the same material using laser ablation, an effective but less controlled thin-film synthesis method. The strength of laser ablation is that it allows researchers to cover a wide range of growth conditions and film compositions rather quickly when used in what is known as the combinatorial mode.
In this way, several materials can be screened relatively rapidly to determine promising candidates. This kind of search by the Japanese group revealed that the material the PNNL team has synthesized in a more controlled fashion has significant potential for the applications at hand. A description of the Japanese research was published in the Feb. 2, 2001, issue of Science.
The current generation of computers uses an electron’s charge to store and process information, but this approach limits the ultimate speed and storage density that can be achieved. Magnetic storage, such as that found in a computer hard drive, relies on the magnetic properties created by an electron’s spin.
However, if an electron’s spin can be harnessed within a semiconductor, the potential exists to create entirely new ways of computing and signal processing that will greatly increase speed and data storage densities. The exploitation of an electron’s spin to carry information, rather than its charge, often is referred to as spintronics.
Spintronics would provide the basic properties required for advanced technologies, such as on-chip integration of magnetic storage and electronic processing functions and quantum computing, which depends on coherent spin states to transmit and store information. A material is permanently magnetic if the majority of its electrons spin in the same direction.
In order to be practical, spintronics will need to use semiconductors that maintain their magnetic properties at room temperature. This is a challenge because most magnetic semiconductors lose their magnetic properties at temperatures well below room temperature, and would require expensive and impractical refrigeration in order to work in an actual computer.
Chambers and his team of scientists achieved these properties in a crystalline oxide film known as anatase titanium dioxide that is infused with a small amount of cobalt, a magnetic impurity. These results will be presented in a poster presentation at the 2001 Spintronics Workshop in Washington, D.C., Aug. 9 to 11 http://www.physics.umd.edu/spevents/spintronics2001.
Chambers and his team created this magnetic semiconductor material using a synthesis method called molecular beam epitaxy. In this growth method, individual beams of atoms - in this case, titanium, oxygen and cobalt - are generated in a highly controlled vacuum environment and directed onto a crystalline surface of strontium titanate where the atoms condense and form a crystalline film with dimensions on the nanoscale.
Chambers designed and built this equipment in the early and mid-90s, and his particular system was the first of its kind in the world when installed at the William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, http://www.emsl.pnl.gov:2080 After the material was created, a team of scientists at IBM http://www.almaden.ibm. com/, led by research staff scientist Robin Farrow, validated the results by characterizing the material’s magnetic properties. In the material synthesized at PNNL and characterized at IBM, each cobalt atom's magnetic moment, which is a measure of the material’s magnetic strength, is about five times larger than in the Japanese scientists’ material.
The research is in its first of three years and is funded by PNNL’s Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative http://www.pnl.gov/nano/". While early results are promising, PNNL scientists will continue their research to determine the material’s ideal growth temperature, growth rate, composition and choice of substrate, and then optimize the structural properties required to achieve the desired magnetic properties.
Business inquiries on this research or other PNNL technologies should be directed to 1-888-375-PNNL or e-mail:inquiry@pnl.gov
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is a DOE research facility and delivers breakthrough science and technology in the areas of environment, energy, health, fundamental sciences and national security. Battelle, based in Columbus, Ohio, has operated the laboratory for DOE since 1965.