Study shows how a firm handshake affects first impressions; may provide an effective initial form of self-promotion for women
WASHINGTON -- A new study backs up what the etiquette books have been saying all along, that a firm handshake helps makes a good first impression for both males and females. The study, reported in this month's issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, a journal published by the American Psychological Association (APA), finds that consistent with the etiquette and business literature, there is a substantial relation between the features that characterize a firm handshake (strength, vigor, duration, eye contact and completeness of grip) and a favorable first impression.
The University of Alabama study involved 112 male and female college students whose handshakes were evaluated by four handshake coders who received one month of training and practice in shaking hands and evaluating handshakes before the study began. The students, who didn't know their handshakes were being evaluated, had their hands shaken eight times (twice with all four experimenters) and they also completed four personality questionnaires.
Results of the study, according to lead author William F. Chaplin, Ph.D., show that a person's handshake is consistent over time and is related to some aspects of his or her personality. Those with a firm handshake were more extraverted and open to experience and less neurotic and shy than those with a less firm or limp handshake. The researchers say these results demonstrate that personality traits, assessed through the self-report, can predict specific behaviors assessed by trained observers.
The study did identify some sex differences. Males were generally found to have firmer handshakes than women. Also, women who are more liberal, intellectual and open to new experiences were found to have a firmer handshake and made a more favorable impression than women who were less open and had a less firm handshake. For men, the opposite was found; more open men had a slightly less firm handshake and made a somewhat poorer impression than less open men.
Dr. Chaplin says the implications of the study may be important for self-promotion strategies used by women. "The result of this study differs from the typical finding that women who exhibit confident behavior that is similar to the behavior of men often make a more negative impression than the men," said Dr. Chaplin. He says the current study was similar to real-world situations of business contacts and employment interviews where "giving a firm handshake may provide an effective initial form of self-promotion for women that does not have the costs associated with other less subtle forms of assertive self-promotion."
Article: "Handshaking, Gender, Personality and First Impressions," William F. Chaplin, Ph.D., Jeffrey B. Phillips, Jonathan D. Brown, Nancy R. Clanton and Jennifer L. Stein, University of Alabama; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 79, No. 1.
Full text of the article is available from the APA Public Affairs Office or after June 30 at http://www.apa.org/journals/psp/psp791110.html
Lead author William F. Chaplin, Ph.D., can be reached by e-mail at: wchaplin@gp.as.ua.edu or by telephone at 205-348-1926.
The American Psychological Association (APA), in Washington, DC, is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States and is the world's largest association of psychologists. APA's membership includes more than 159,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. Through its divisions in 53 subfields of psychology and affiliations with 59 state, territorial and Canadian provincial associations, APA works to advance psychology as a science, as a profession and as a means of promoting human welfare.
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Journal of Personality and Social Psychology