Biochemists at Johns Hopkins report they have solved a major mystery surrounding the way most organisms -- including people -- get energy. Their discovery, in this month's Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,caps decades of research on how cells make the common currency of energy, a molecule called ATP.
The Hopkins finding, which explains at the most fundamental level how energy from food ultimately yields ATP, also offers a new focus for studies about why most people get less energetic with age. The work was supported by NIH grants.
The research team led by L. Mario Amzel, Ph.D., and Peter Pedersen, Ph.D., used X-ray crystallography to reveal the molecular structure of adenosine triphosphate synthase, a dervish-like enzyme. Inside, the molecule whirls around several times a second while it triggers production of ATP. "It's one of the most complex molecules ever revealed, almost six times larger than the blood molecule hemoglobin," says Pedersen. It's also, the researchers agree, one of the tiniest and most powerful motors ever identified.
ATP synthase molecules are located within mitochondria, the oval- to bean-shaped structures scattered in cells and long known as the site of energy production. The molecules stick out on the mitochondria, attached to their inner surfaces in mushroom-like clusters.
When food is broken down or metabolized for energy, the last stages of the process occur within the mitochondria.
The ATP synthase molecule, has two parts. Recently, scientists in Japan discovered that one part, the "mushroom stem," apparently rotates within the "mushroom cap." Last year, a Nobel prize was awarded to the researcher (Paul Boyer, Ph.D., UCLA) who suggested that forming ATP was somehow tied to this rotation, and the prize was shared with another researcher (John Walker, Ph.D., Medical Research Council Laboratory, Cambridge, England) whose team laid out one of two possible structures for the "cap," which is believed to be short-lived.
In this new study, the Hopkins team determined the other structure, believed to be the most common form, in living organisms. The ATP synthase "mushroom cap," they found, contains three identical areas, arranged like a coil, where ATP is made. Each area is occupied with a different stage in ATP production.
As the "stem" rotates, it creates a powerful internal shifting in each of the three coiled sections within the cap. This shifting provides the energy to cause chemical changes. At one site, the "ingredients" for ATP come together. At another site, they assemble as ATP, and at the third site, the rotation readies the fully formed ATP to pop off the synthase molecule, for use throughout the cell.
The Hopkins team captured the image of the ATP synthase cap while all of its sites were in some stage of making ATP, which is essential for the constant recycling of its precursors. Without this recycling, Pedersen says, "people would have to produce more than half their body weight in ATP every day to meet their energy needs."
Some scientists have speculated that the same "free radicals" that damage skin in aging or cause mutations also might damage mitochondria. "If ATP synthase is a site of free radical damage, that could explain why we become less energetic with age," Pedersen says. Now that we know the molecular structures, we can pinpoint damaged regions if they occur."
Also on the research team were Mario A. Bianchet, Ph.D., and Joanne Hullihen.
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Journal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences