ITHACA, N.Y. -- New York state's most vulnerable children, those who are hard to place with adoptive parents because of their age or special needs, receive very different levels of support depending on where they live, according to a new Cornell University study.
For similar special-needs children, one family may get as little as half that of another family, depending on the county they live, in addition to differences in special needs or cirumstances, says Rosemary Avery, associate professor of policy analysis and management at Cornell.
The reason is that many children in foster care or after adoption are supported by public funds. The size of their subsidy is determined at the county level through a decentralized system of rate setting. While children are in foster care, they receive the full range of social support services available in their county, Avery says, but when these same children are adopted, many of the support services are no longer available to the adoptive parent.
"That means that the system is set up to create a disincentive to adopt a needy child who requires a high level of service support," Avery wrote in her article, co-authored with graduate research associate Rosellina Ferraro. The study is published in the most recent issue (Vol. 1 (2), 1997) of Adoption Quarterly.
New York is one of only a few states in the nation that allows individual counties to set levels of pre- and post-adoption support, she says. Adoption subsidy payments are intended to facilitate the adoption of a child and to assist adoptive families in their support of the child's special needs and living expenses.
In an analysis of the 12,858 new adoption subsidies approved in New York state from 1989 through May 1993, Avery found that 36 percent of the variations in subsidy levels from county to county could not be explained by cost-of-living differences between counties.
Avery and Ferraro compared adoption subsidy levels in each county with national estimates of the cost of raising a child in the urban Northeast. They report that in 24 counties, subsidies provided less than 80 percent of the cost of raising a child. Indeed, only Tompkins, Suffolk, Nassau, Rockland and the five boroughs of New York City paid adoption subsidies close to the cost of raising a child in the urban Northeast.
Among Avery's other findings:
- In 1993, Delaware County paid families $455 a month for an adopted child five years or younger, compared with the $189 a month received by the adoptive family of a similar child in Allegany County.
- In nine counties, subsidies provided less than 60 percent of a low-income family's cost for raising a child. Such a shortfall means that low-income parents of a child adopted at birth would need to contribute at least $58,000 to the support of that child to age 18.
- All told, 52 of the 57 counties in New York provided subsidies below the estimate of the cost of raising a child in that county, affecting 28 percent of the children being adopted in the state.
Avery added: "A review of the county rate-setting procedure and rate levels in relation to the cost of raising a child is urgently needed in New York state. The state needs to examine current subsidy levels to correct currently existing variances in adoption subsidies so that not one special needs child in New York state is inadequately supported."
The study was support in part by the Children's Bureau of the Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institute for Child, Health and Human Development.