University Park, Pa. -- "Smart" computer chips and other
new, advanced, "intelligent" control approaches have the potential
to make both nuclear and fossil fuel power plants last longer, operate more
efficiently and supply electricity at lower costs, say Penn State nuclear
engineers.
Dr. Robert M. Edwards,
associate professor of nuclear engineering; Dr. Kwang Y. Lee, professor
of electrical engineering; and Dr. Daniel E. Hughes, nuclear engineer, recently
demonstrated the new techniques' potential, for the first time, using Penn
State's Breazeale nuclear reactor. The demonstration and the use of the
Penn State research reactor as a simulation for a commercial power plant
are detailed in their paper, "Testbed for Nuclear Plant Instrumentation
and Control Validation."
Edwards says, in the demonstration, a new intelligent control concept developed
by the Penn State group was applied to estimating the temperature of the
reactor fuel and coolant. He explained that it is very difficult to measure
reactor fuel temperature in commercial power plants. Using the group's new
advanced computer programs as controllers, the group accurately estimated
the temperatures and improved the plant's performance.
Edwards adds, "The reactor fuel is designed to operate within certain
temperature limits. If those limits are exceeded, it can shorten the lifetime
of the fuel. Being able to keep the temperature within bounds, lengthens
the life of the fuel, increases operating efficiency and saves money --
which could translate into lower costs for consumers."
While the new Penn State techniques focus mainly on improving performance,
Edwards notes that they can enhance nuclear power plant safety as well.
He explained that, now, during a potentially hazardous or "upset"
situation, a commercial nuclear power plant's safety system can shut the
plant down causing severe stress and strain on the system. With the aid
of the new Penn State monitoring and control techniques, plant operators
can prevent shutdowns by preventing fuel overheating, for example. The new
control techniques can also allow operators to respond more quickly to potentially
hazardous situations, or faults, and to develop routes around the problem.
Edwards says, "We demonstrated the fault-accommodating characteristic
back in 1993 on an actual power producing reactor. The test case was a loss
of steam supply. The automated decision making controls detected the problem
immediately and enabled the system to adjust for it without the necessity
of a shutdown."
The new techniques don't totally cede decision-making to the computer --
only the most basic level. By automating the lowest level of control, the
control system can respond more quickly than humans could during the first
few seconds of an "event". This immediate action "buys time"
for the human controllers who can take more time selecting appropriate corrective
action.
Edwards expects to complete development of automated controllers for nuclear
reactor coolant flow rate by the end of the summer. Upset in coolant flow
rates is one of the most frequent reasons for shutting a plant down.
Penn State's Intelligent Distributed Controls Research Laboratory, where
the new techniques were developed, is the only center in the world demonstrating
these advanced computer techniques on an operating nuclear reactor. Penn
State was recently the site of the 1996 American Nuclear Society International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Plant
Instrumentation Control and Human Machine Interface Technologies. Edwards,
Lee and Hughes presented their paper at the meeting and also conducted workshops
for plant engineers interested in applying the new techniques in their own
facilities.
EDITORS:
Dr. Edwards is available at 814-865-0037 or via e-mail at
rmenuc@engr.psu.edu; Dr. Lee at
814-865-2621, e-mail kyl@ecl.psu.edu;
and Dr. Hughes at 814-865-6351 or e-mail dehnuc@engr.psu.edu