image: Caribou grazing on vegetation near an Arctic mosquito pond in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland. view more
Credit: Photo by Melissa DeSiervo.
Bzz! It's mosquito season in Greenland. June and July marks the period when Arctic mosquitoes (Aedes nigripes) are in peak abundance, buzzing about the tundra. While Arctic mosquitoes serve as an important food source to other animals, they are notorious for their role as pests to humans and wildlife, including caribou, whose populations can be affected by their attacks. Yet, these mosquitoes spend most of their lives in an aquatic environment in shallow, tundra ponds. Their eggs become frozen in the winter and hatch into larvae when the ponds melt in the spring. Arctic mosquitoes spend about two to three weeks in the larval stage before they develop into pupa and then adults. Given that Arctic mosquitoes' annual abundance and ecological role remains poorly understood, Dartmouth researchers set out to understand where they are most abundant during the larval stage and why. According to the study's findings, Arctic mosquito populations appear to be driven by food quality rather than predator density. The results are published in Ecology .
As larvae, Arctic mosquitoes feed on microbial biofilms that are attached to detritus, dead organic matter in the ponds. Using a food web approach, in May and June 2018, Dartmouth researchers investigated how variation in the food quality (bottom up approach), the predaceous diving beetle (C. dolabratus) (top down approach) and other conditions such as temperature and nutrients, affected the larval population. The study sample was comprised of eight different ponds between Kangerlussuaq, Greenland and the margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
To measure biofilm productivity, the team used "biofilm samplers," which were left in the ponds for the microbial material to accumulate. Arctic mosquito larvae had access to some of the devices as a food source while others were intentionally blocked off, so that the biofilm could not be eaten. The researchers looked at how much biofilm the larvae consumed and conducted a lab analysis of what the microbial community was composed of.
The researchers had hypothesized that Arctic mosquitoes do not make it to the larva stage because they either do not have enough to eat or they are consumed by the diving beetle. They were surprised by the results. The ponds with the best food quality had the lowest population growth rates, as the mosquitoes tended to overcrowd these sites. These sites had the highest hatching mosquitoes, resulting in intense competition for food and poor survival. In contrast, ponds with lower food quality had higher population growth rates. "Arctic mosquito populations appear to be driven by what they are eating rather than who is eating them," explained first author, Melissa H. DeSiervo, a graduate student in the Ecology, Evolution, Environment and Society program at Dartmouth.
One pond, which is estimated to be half the size of a football field, had about 12.4 million larvae when the Arctic mosquitoes first hatched but less than 15 percent of the larvae made it until the adult stage.
"What you would expect would be the best places for Arctic mosquito larvae to grow, actually end up being the worst places for these animals because there were so many of them there," added DeSiervo.
Another way of understanding these consumer resource dynamics is to consider the following analogy. "Imagine that there's a large group of people about to eat, who have two buffets to choose from. One table features a Thanksgiving dinner and the other features a sugary snack such as Pop-Tarts®. Most people would probably be inclined to go with the former but if too many people go for the Thanksgiving dinner, not everyone will get to eat because the table is so overcrowded," explained DeSiervo.
The researchers suggest that this maladaptive strategy of the Arctic mosquitoes overcrowding the best ponds may help keep their populations in check. The larva stage is a critical life phase for Arctic mosquitoes who spend a longer time as larva than other types of mosquitoes. The shallow Arctic ponds that have these biofilms tend to dry up quickly, so Arctic mosquitoes are under intense, time constraints, as they must eat and grown enough in order to transition into adulthood. As adults, Arctic mosquitoes can be especially menacing for caribou, whose grazing can be disrupted by these pests. A swarm can be detrimental to calves, which are unable to fend off themselves. "In our rapidly warming world, gaining insight into the population dynamics of Arctic mosquitoes is fundamental to understand the ecology of the Arctic," said DeSiervo.
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Study co-authors, Melissa H. DeSiervo and Lauren Culler, a research assistant professor of environmental studies at Dartmouth, whose research focuses on Arctic mosquitoes, are available for comment. Matthew P. Ayres, a professor of biological sciences, and Ross A. Virginia, a professor of environmental studies and director of the Institute of Arctic Studies at Dartmouth, also served as co-authors of the study.
Journal
Ecology